| A | B |
|---|
| Athenian democracy | beginning of western democracy; direct = every male adult citizen went to the assembly to participate in making decisions/voting on issues |
| Code of Hammurabi | first major collection of LAWS in history, attempted to establish justice although punishments were harsh & it favored the upper classes |
| Justinian Code | Roman law codes collected & written down by Emperor Justinian for the Byzantine Empire |
| twelve Tables | written laws in Roman Republic which protected the plebians [common people] against arbitrary jusdgements handed down by patrician [upper class] judges |
| Roman Republic | Government made of: 1. Senate [most powerful law-making body, composed of 300 patricians [upper class] elected for life; 2. headed by 2 consuls chosen by the Senate yearly; 3. Tribunes - represented the plebeians [common people] & had veto power over senate |
| Feudalism | during middle Ages the need for protection led to this loosely organized government in which local lords give land to lesser lords [vasslas] in exchanged for military service & loyalty |
| Absolutism | ruler has complete control over their country & based their right to rule on the Divine Right theory [comes from God] |
| Roman Catholic Church | Most important institution during the Middle Ages after the fall of Rome: 1. Spiritual Power - 7 sacraments of the church needed for salvation [heaven] & could excommunicate [deny the sacraments] to people & kings who disobeyed the Church 2. Political powers - had its own laws & Church Court; 3. Economic powers - owned a lot of land & charged taxes [tithe or 10% a peoples' income]; 4. Social Services - provided only hospitals, inns, orphanages, took care of poor; 5. education - provided schools; copied ancient texs, thus preserving learning |
| Machiavelli [The Prince] | Renaissance writer wrote The Prince to advise rulers on how to get & maintain power; guide for dictators; "It is better to be feared than loved." |
| Limited Monarchy | the king's power is limited by a constitution or by an assembly like Parliament in England [Ex. in England, the king's power was limited by the Magna Carta & the English Bill of Rights which said the king could not raise taxes without consulting Parliament & that people have certain rights like trial by jury, that the king can not take away] |
