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| ÒLittle TigersÓ | The Four Asian Tigers include, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. All four Asian Tigers have a highly educated and skilled workforce and have specialized in areas where they had a competitive advantage, following JapanÕs economic model for success. |
| 38th Parallel/ DMZ | The Korean War was the result of the division of Korea, a country with a well-recognized, ancient integrity. Despite its long history as an independent kingdom, Korea had been forcibly annexed by Japan in 1910. Japan controlled Korea up to the end of World War II. Late on the night of August 10, 1945, as World War II was coming to a close, the United States made the decision that it would occupy the southern half of Korea. The U.S. government did so out of fear that the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, or Soviet Union)Ñwhich had joined the fight against Japan in northern Korea a week earlierÑwould take control of the entire Korea Peninsula. American planners chose to divide Korea at the 38th parallel because it would keep the capital city, Seoul, in the American-occupied southern zone; the USSR acquiesced to the division, with no official comment. |
| Anwar Al-Sadat | (1918-1981), Egyptian military leader and president (1970-1981), best remembered for his work toward peace in the Middle East, in the course of which he became the first Arab leader to recognize Israel. |
| Apartheid | policy of racial segregation formerly followed in South Africa. The word apartheid means ÒseparatenessÓ in the Afrikaans language and it described the rigid racial division between the governing white minority population and the nonwhite majority population. The National Party introduced apartheid as part of their campaign in the 1948 elections, and with the National Party victory, apartheid became the governing political policy for South Africa until the early 1990s. Although there is no longer a legal basis for apartheid, the social, economic, and political inequalities between white and black South Africans continue to exist. |
| ASEAN | Alliance of ten independent countries that promotes stability and economic growth in southeast Asia. Established during the Vietnam War, ASEAN was originally intended as a bulwark against the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Its principal objectives were to accelerate economic growth and promote regional peace and stability. |
| Augusto Pinochet | Who: military dictator of Chile |
| Ayatolla Khomeini | Exiled by the Shah for multiple years. Once he returned people began wanting to Òturn the clockÓ on the laws that were being held, and everyone began looking up to him. Once the Shah went to the US for cancer treatment he took over. |
| Balfour Connection | (1848-1930), British prime minister and Conservative party leader. Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour, was born in Whittingehame, Scotland, on July 25, 1848. Entering politics as a Unionist (Conservative), he represented first Hertford (1874-85) and then Manchester (1886-1905) in the House of Commons. He was made first lord of the treasury and government leader in the House of Commons in 1891, and upon the retirement of his uncle, the 3rd marquess of Salisbury, in July 1902 he became prime minister. Dissensions within the Unionist party finally led to Balfour's resignation in December 1905, and in the general election the following month, the Unionists suffered a crushing defeat; Balfour himself lost his Manchester seat. He soon reentered Parliament, however, as representative for the City of London. |
| Banana Republics | small dictatorship: a small country with an unstable government and an economy dependent on the export of a single product or on outside financial help |
| Camp David Accords | framework for peace in the Middle East signed by United States president Jimmy Carter, Egyptian president Anwar al-Sadat, and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin in 1978, in Washington, D.C. Although the accords led to a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, they did not result in peace between Israel and other Arab states. For their efforts to resolve their long-standing conflict, Sadat and Begin received the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. |
| Chiang Kai-Shek | 1887-1975), political and military leader of 20th-century China, a pivotal figure in the countryÕs modern history. Chiang served as leader of the KMT; Nationalist Party. Chiang Kai-shek led the efforts to defeat the Chinese Communists and unify China during a period of civil war and to resist the Japanese in World War II (1939-1945). After the Communists gained control of the Chinese mainland in 1949, Chiang retreated to Taiwan, where he established a government in exile. |
| Cultural Revolution | (1966-1976), political campaign in China, launched in 1966 by Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong to eliminate his political rivals and revolutionize Chinese society. In the social chaos and political persecution that followed, thousands died and millions were imprisoned or exiled. |
| Deng Xiaoping | Chinese Communist leader who served as the de facto ruler of China from 1976 to 1997. Under Deng, who survived two purges before he succeeded Mao Zedong, China developed into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. |
| Dueb Bien Phu | The Battle of Dien Bien Phu was the climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist revolutionaries. The battle occurred between March and May 1954 and culminated in a comprehensive French defeat that effectively ended the war. Military historian Martin Windrow wrote that Dien Bien Phu was "the first time that a non-European colonial independence movement had evolved through all the stages from guerrilla bands to a conventionally organized and equipped army able to defeat a modern Western occupier in pitched battle. |
| Gamal Abdel Nasser (UAR) | President of Egypt. Created the UAR (Egypt and Syria) to stop Israel from being a country. He attempted to take control of the Suez Canal because he attempted to nationalize it and take it over. |
| Golda Meir | 4th Prime minister of Israel. IsraelÕs first female to hold this position. Was the prime minister during the Yom Kippur War (1973) |
| Ho Chi Minh | Vietnamese Communist leader, who was the first president (1945-1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the principal force behind the Vietnamese struggle against French colonial rule after World War II (1939-1945) |
| Hutus | Hutu: a member of a Bantu-speaking people forming the majority population in Rwanda and Burundi. They are traditionally a farming people and were historically dominated by the Tutsi people; the antagonism between the peoples led in 1994 to large-scale ethnic violence, esp. in Rwanda. |
| Intifada | uprising by Palestinians against Israeli rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip territories. Palestinian discontent has resulted in two separate uprisings since 1987. Both were attempts to liberate portions of Palestine from Israeli control through a combination of force and negotiations. These uprisings have involved a series of demonstrations, strikes, riots, and violence against Israelis, their settlements, and their institutions. Originally characterized by civil disobedience, the movement became increasingly violent and included attacks against Israel in its sovereign territory (the land Israel held before capturing the Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights in the Six-Day War of 1967). |
| Jawaharlal Nehru (Congress) | 1889-1964 Indian statesman. He became a leading member of the Indian National Congress and the political heir of Mohandas Gandhi, taking an active part in the civil disobedience campaigns of the 1930s and 1940s. He was the first prime minister of independent India (1947-1964) and a leader of nonaligned nations during the Cold War. Indira Gandhi was his daughter. |
| Jomo Kenjatta (OAU) | 1894?-1978 Kenyan statesman. Following the outbreak of the Mau Mau uprising during KenyaÕs colonial period, he was imprisoned (1952-1961). After independence he became KenyaÕs first prime minister (1963-1964) and president (1964-1978). |
| Kashmir | disputed territory in the Northern part of South Asia. All of the territory is claimed by India and Pakistan, and part of the territory is claimed by China. |
| Kim Jong Il | . is the de facto leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. He is the Chairman of the National Defense Commission, Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army, and General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (the ruling party since 1948). He succeeded his father Kim Il-sung, founder of North Korea, who died in 1994, and commands the fifth largest standing army in the world. North Korea officially refers to him as the "Great Leader" |
| Kwame Nkrumah | Who:(1909-1972), first prime minister (1957-1960) and president (1960-1966) of Ghana and the first black African postcolonial leader. |
| Long March (China) | historic 6000-mi undertaken by the Chinese Communist forces in 1934 and 1935 to escape the KuomintangÕs Communist extermination campaign. Those who survived the arduous march were later lauded as heroes in Chinese Communist lore. The Long March also marked the emergence of Mao Zedong as the dominant leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). |
| Mao Zedong | (1893-1976), foremost Chinese Communist leader of the 20th century and the principal founder of the PeopleÕs Republic of China. In 1920 Mao returned to Changsha, where his attempt to organize a democratic government for Hunan province failed. He traveled to Shanghai in 1921 and was present at the founding meeting of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which was also attended by Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu. Mao then founded a CCP branch in Hunan and organized workersÕ strikes throughout the province. At this time warlords controlled much of northern China. To defeat the warlords, the Kuomintang (KMT) party of Sun Yat-sen allied with the CCP in 1923. Mao joined the KMT and served on its Central Committee, although he maintained his CCP membership. |
| Mobuto Sese Seko | (1930-1997), president of Zaire, who seized power by force in 1965 and held it for more than three decades. Mobutu kept a chokehold on political power, amassing vast amounts of wealth while his country collapsed. After Mobutu was overthrown in 1997, Zaire was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo. |
| Muslim League | Muslim League, Muslim political organization founded in India in 1906 as the All-India Muslim League. Its original purpose was to protect the political rights of Muslims in India and to prevent Hindu political control of the entire Indian subcontinent once independence from the British was achieved. |
| Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) | (1881-1938), Turkish soldier, nationalist leader, and statesman, who founded the republic of Turkey and was its first president (1923-1938). The name AtatŸrk (Father Turk) was bestowed upon him in 1934 by the Grand National Assembly as a tribute for his unique service to the Turkish nation. AtatŸrk was born in Salonika (now Thessalon’ki, Greece), in what was then the Ottoman Empire. He was the son of a minor official who became a timber merchant. When AtatŸrk was 12 years old, he went to military schools in Salonika and Monastir, centers of anti-Ottoman Greek and Slavic nationalism. In 1899 he attended the military academy in _stanbul, graduating as staff captain in January 1905. |
| Nelson Mandela (ANC) | born in 1918, South African activist, winner of the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, and the first black president of South Africa (1994-1999) |
| Osama bin Laden/ | born in 1957, Saudi Arabian multimillionaire and founder of the al-Qaeda terrorist network, which was responsible for the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks against the United States. In 1999 the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) placed bin Laden on its Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list in connection with the bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998. Little is known in the West about his life. He inherited his great personal wealth from his father, whose construction company prospered through close connections with the Saudi royal family. |
| Pan-Africanism | philosophy that is based on the belief that African people share common bonds and objectives and that advocates unity to achieve these objectives. |
| Pol Pot (Khmer Rouge) | Cambodian communist leader of the Khmer Rouge; prime minister 1976Ð79; born Saloth Sar. During his regime the Khmer Rouge embarked on a reconstruction program in which millions were killed. Overthrown in 1979, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge in a guerrilla war against the new government. |
| Sadam Hussein | 1937-2006 Iraqi national leader. As leader of the Baath Party, he became president of Iraq in 1979. Two years after the end of the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), his invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 led to the Gulf War (1991). The Iraqi High Tribunal found him guilty of crimes against humanity in November 2006. He was executed the following month. |
| Sandinistas/ Contras | Who: leftist Nicaraguan rebel group/ armed opposition to the Sandinistas |
| Six Day War | (1967) A war between Israel and Arab states. Fought over the Gulf of AqabaÑIsraelÕs main port |
| Taliban | Islamic fundamentalist movement in Afghanistan that controlled most of the country from September 1996 to November 2001. The Taliban movement was created in 1994 by a senior mullah (Islamic priest), Mohammed Omar, in the southern Afghanistan city of Kandahar. The name Taliban, meaning Òstudent,Ó refers to the movementÕs origins in Islamic religious schools, or madrasas, although most members knew war all their lives and attended the madrasas only for rudimentary religious training. Although it was ousted from power by a United States-led invasion in 2001 in response to the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the Taliban reorganized and by 2008 was leading an insurgency that reportedly controlled as much as 40 percent of Afghanistan. |
