| A | B |
|---|
| Congress of Vienna Who? | All the powers of Europe |
| congress of Vienna What? | in 1814-15 - An assembly of representatives, led by the most influential states, concluded diplomatic agreements that established a "Balance of Power" among them and redrew the post-war map of Europe. Limits were set on national movements in central Europe. |
| congress of Vienna Why? | To try to ensure peace in the future |
| congress of Vienna What Significance? | Political conservatism ruled Europe for a generation and the nationalistic uprisings in much of Europe were overpowered. |
| Guiseppi Mazzini Who? | he was Italian leader/ writter who gets the ball rolling in revs but cant pull it off |
| Guiseppi Mazzini What? | founded "Young Italy", a secret organization urging Italian unification and independence. He wrote on the duties of man expressing nationalistic, democratic and humanist views |
| Guiseppi Mazzini WHy? | Italian independence and unification |
| Guiseppi Mazzini What Significance? | He inspired others that eventually lead to the unification of Italy |
| Cavour & Garibaldi Who? | Cavour: Prime minister of Sardinia-Piedmont Garibaldi: a leader in south Italy, an ass kicker( lead the redshirts(peasents) who conquered parts of south Italy) |
| Cavour & Garibaldi What? | each of them gained Italian territories |
| Cavour & Garibaldi Why? | to unite Italy as one country |
| Cavour & Garibaldi What Significance? | Italy is now one country, is now more powerful and a European power/ beware |
| Otto von Bismark Who? | Prime minister of Prussia; real politic and Machiavellian=ruthless, does what has to be done to get the job done |
| Otto von Bismark What? | unified southern and northern Germany through trickary in to one. Insitituted a policy of blood and iron |
| Zionism (T. Herzl) Who? | Theodor Herzl, a Viennese Jewish journalist |
| Zionism (T. Herzl) What? | he founded the zionist mvt. to recreate a Jewish homeland, safe haven |
| Zionism (T. Herzl) Why? | Jews had been spread out through Europe and suffered extreme anti-semitism and persecution |
| Zionism (T. Herzl) What Significance? | B/c theres a new Jewish nationalism(pride) looking for a nation |
| Dreyfus Affair Who? | a Jew officer in French army acussed of treason 1893 |
| Dreyfus Affair What? | Alfred Dreyfus was falsly accused of selling out the French, he was an easy target. huge public trial saying jews get out of France. |
| Dreyfus Affair Why? | because someone sold out the French in their plan to get back and obliverate Germany |
| Dreyfus Affair What Significance? | it sparked anti semitism and jewish nationalism amoung Jews |
| Social Darwinism Who? | philosopher Herbert Spencer 1820-1903 |
| Social Darwinism What? | survival of the fittest" stated that those who were strong deservied their superiority while the weak deserved their inferiority |
| Social Darwinism What Significance? | a way of describing the way of life and thats the fittest survived, ones that can adapt survive longer nd have more advantages then those who cant |
| White Man's Burden" Who? | Rudy Kipling 1899 |
| White Man's Burden" What? | a poem written by Kipling on imperialism/ it is to civilize any non white or non western Europeans b/c they are uncivilized, we are saving them, they might hate you during the process but they will thank you in the end |
| White Man's Burden" Why? | an excuse to make colonies and to take over places to have more control and better oneself... why, b/c area has valuable natural recources for example |
| White Man's Burden" What Significance? | b/c this is what ppl actually said theey thought they were doing to the ppls they imperialized... saving then while in reality they took all freedom away from these ppl and make them their slaves/ treated them life nothing and interupted their ways of life and culture into their own |
| Indirect vs. Direct control Who? | INDIA Indirect=British East Idia Co. ?? Direct= Br. in sepoy rebellion/ Br. gov't takes over |
| Indirect vs. Direct control What? | Diffferent systems for taking other nations resources Indirect= Let people rule, staying in the shadows and taking what they want, Direct= take over full control, change culture, language, , ex: France in Africa |
| Indirect vs. Direct control Why? | Indirect = feel better by not making natives change Direct= rule by assimilation, white man's burden |
| Indirect vs. Direct control What Signigicance? | Irriversible impact on native cultures |
| Kulturstelsed" Who? | Dutch in Indonesia in 1750 |
| Kulturstelsed" What? | Dutch force Indonesians to give them 1/5 of their crops |
| Kulturstelsed" Why? | taxing them and take natural resources (Imperialism) |
| Kulturstelsed" What Significance? | Negative impact on locals |
| Sepoy Rebellion Who? | BritishEast India against Indians in India |
| Sepoy Rebellion What? | (1857-1859), also known as the Indian War of Independence, an uprising against British East India Company's rule in India begun by Indian troops (sipahi or sepoys) in the employ of the English East India Company. |
| Sepoy Rebellion why? | Natives rebelled believing that ammunition had pig and cow fat violating sacred muslim and hindu beliefs |
| Sepoy Rebellion What significance? | Rebellion was defeated Muslims and Hindus couldn't work together and were smaller. British change change to direct rule. Victoria is Empress of India. India is the jewel in the crown of the British Empire. |
| Opium War Who? | Brit's and Chinal; opium= a powerful narcotic |
| Opium War What? | 1st Opium war: 1939-42 China no match for Brit; couldn't stop imports because of lack of Western technology 2nd Opium War, also known as Arrow War or the Anglo-French War: 1856-60= french join the brits = chinese lost both |
| Opium War Why? | wanted to stop Opium imports and Silver exports and wanted seclusion |
| Opium War What/why Significance? | As a result, they found themselves forced into the emerging world of global trade and diplomacy, while Western nations gained significant commercial privileges and territory in China. Had to open more ports and land to outsiders |
| Treaty of Nanking Who? | Brits and French; and then everyone else joined in |
| Treaty of Nanking What? | The Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking), concluded at gunpoint in 1842, ceded the Chinese island of Hong Kong, nto Britain and opened five ports to foreign trade and residence. Known as treaty ports, these cities contained large areas called concessions that were leased in perpetuity to foreign powers. The treaty stipulated that British subjects in China were answerable only to British law, even in disputes with Chinese. The treaty also had a most-favored-nation clause, which meant that whenever a nation extracted a new privilege from China, that privilege was extended automatically to Britain. |
| Treaty of Nanking Why? | China is a huge consumer market |
| Treaty of Nanking What significance? | curtailed China’s sovereignty. |
| Open Door Notes Who? | John Hay - America |
| Open Door Notes What? | 1850 - Follows the Opium Wars. Travels Europe and tells them to open all doors/spheres for open trading benefits in China. |
| Open Door Notes Why? | To allow US to trade to China |
| Open Door Notes What significance? | 1) Save Ching Dynasty 2)Allows American goods to be traded in China 3) Stops the carving up of China 4) Everyone agrees to open trade relations (learned lessons from past) |
| Sun Yat-sen Who? | Cantonese, educated in Hawaii, became Christian, became a doctor in Hong Kong, |
| Sun Yat-sen What? | Founded a revolutionary party, Called for a two fold anti-colonial revolution 1) against Manchus (successful) 2) against Euro, US and Japanese powers. elected first president of United Provinces of China, Exiled in 1913 |
| Sun Yat-sen Why? | Wanted Chinese sovreignty. 3 peoples' principles: Nationalism, Democracy, livelihood |
| Sun Yat-sen What Significance | Sun was instrumental in the overthrow of China’s Qing (Ch’ing)dynasty in 1911, an event that brought an end to imperial rule in China and established a republican government. |
| Muhammed ALi Who? | 1769-1849 Leader of Albanian Cavalry |
| Muhammed ALi What? | Took over Egyptian rule as Viceroy. Concentrated on the cultivation of cotton as a cashcrop for Europes booming textile industry. Built irrigation works, textile mills, and secular state schools. Encourage industrialization and modernized army. Took advantage of Ottoman's weak state. |
| Muhammed ALi What Significance? | Egypt entered international economy |
| H. Stanley/ D. Livingstone Who? | David Livingstone (1813-1873), Scottish missionary and physician, who spent half his life exploring southern and central Africa. Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904), Anglo-American journalist and explorer of Africa, best known for locating Scottish missionary-explorer David Livingstone in East Africa in 1871. |
| H. Stanley/ D. Livingstone What? | Their explorations revealed that the interior of the African continent was not an arid wasteland. Much of what the Western world came to know about Central Africa, including the drainage of its lakes and rivers, was derived from Stanley’s explorations. "No European explorer did so much for knowledge of African geography as Livingstone. |
| H. Stanley/ D. Livingstone What significance? | Helped played an important part in bringing about the Scramble for Africa, the frenzied seizing of African territory by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |
| 1913 Native Lands Act Who? | White in South African |
| 1913 Native Lands Act What? | prevented blacks, except those living in Cape Province, from buying land outside so-called reserves. The land allotted to these reserves made up 7 percent of the total land of the country |
| 1913 Native Lands Act why? | Afraid of blacks taking over their lands. Limit friction. |
| 1913 Native Lands Act What significance? | Because of the limited amount of land available to blacks, the act also ensured that the migratory labor system would continue and cheap black labor would be available in the mines and industries. |
| Comm. Mattherw Perry who? | American naval officer, who commanded the expedition that established United States relations with Japan. |
| Comm. Mattherw Perry What? | led a squadron of four ships into Tokyo Bay and presented representatives of the emperor with the text of a proposed commercial and friendship treaty. "With an even more powerful fleet, he returned to Tokyo in February 1854. The treaty, signed on March 31, 1854, provided that humane treatment be extended to sailors shipwrecked in Japanese territory, that U.S. ships be permitted to buy coal in Japan, and that the ports be opened to U.S. commerce. |
| Comm. Mattherw Perry Why? | To open up Japan to trade |
| Comm. Mattherw Perry Significance? | ended Japan's isolation and control by other nations (similar to China) |
| Meiji Restoration | Emperor Musuhito |
| Meiji Restoration What? | political revolution in Japan that overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate (military government) in January 1868 and replaced it with a new imperial government under the Meiji emperor. |
| Meiji Restoration Why Significant? | The Meiji Restoration began an era of modernization and Western contact |
| Russo-Japanese War Who? | armed conflict between Russia and Japan in 1904-5 |
| Russo-Japanese War Why? | that Russian expansion in eastern Asia ran counter to Japanese plans for gaining a foothold on the Asian mainland. |
| Russo-Japanese War What? | in June 1903 Japan proposed an agreement with Russia recognizing Japan's interests in Korea and Russia's in Manchuria, and insuring the integrity of China and Korea. Russia refused. On the night of February 8, 1904, the Japanese navy launched a surprise attack on Port Arthur and then blockaded the damaged Russian fleet "After Port Arthur and the defeats at Shenyang and Tsushima, the emperor accepted the offer of mediation extended by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. The Japanese, who were victorious but financially exhausted, also agreed to negotiate. |
| Russo-Japanese War Significance | On September 5, 1905, the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed. Russia surrendered its lease to Liaoyang and Port Arthur, ceded the southern half of Sakhalin, evacuated Manchuria, and recognized Korea as a Japanese sphere of influence. Japanese recognized as greater power |
| Albert Einstein who? | (1879-1955), German-born U.S. physicist. apart of a larger revolt against the enlightment |
| Albert Einstein What? | not all things are rational(balanced/ calm/ collected) (so no universal truth), everything is relative to the observer. created Universal Law of Gravitation. E=mc2. qualities of lig(physics) Theory of Relativity= explore nature of gravity. Overturned the basis of Newtonian Physics, only light rermained fixed |
| Albert Einstein Why Sign? | weakened ppls faith in the enlightment... he unified a field theory that explains the relationship amoung all imp't force fields in nature |
| Sigmund Freud Who? | (1856-1939), Austrian/ vietnese physician, neurologist, and founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of human personality. |
| Sigmund Freud What? | he was more intrested in human mind= Anna O. blind and works with her throguth theropy(Psyco Analysis) hypnotise her, take her back to child hooh, she breaks down crying remembering of past visions and emotions of father cheating on mother- few weeks later her vision comes back everything sexual |
| Sigmund Freud Why Significant? | Proved that the human mind is not rational as thought, humans are driven by Unconcious!! (something deep inside of ones body, dont know where it comes from) weakened ppls faith in the enlightment |
| Emiliano Zapata Who? | (1879-1919), Mexican revolutionary leader and agrarian reformer from Morelos(south of Mexico city). a mestizo(person of mixed race and culture) who demamded a break from the control of the creole elite |
| Emiliano Zapata What? | An illiterate tenant farmer of almost pure Native American blood, he recruited an army of Native Americans from villages and haciendas in Morelos and, under the rallying cry “Land and Liberty,” joined the Mexican revolutionist Francisco Indalécio Madero in the 1910 revolt against the Mexican soldier-statesman Porfirio Díaz. Having lost faith in Madero, who assumed the presidency in 1911, Zapata formulated his agrarian reform plan; known as the Plan of Ayala(called for the return of land to Indian Pueblos or villages) thoudands of impoverished peasants followed him in his cry "land and Liberty" Zapata continued his resistance to the government. 1914. The following year Zapata withdrew to Morelos where, still resisting, he later was murdered by an agent of Carranza. |
| Emiliano Zapata Why Significant? | Zapata was idolized by the Native Americans as the true revolutionary reformer and hero; his life has inspired countless legends and ballads. huge important player for the natives |
| Young Turks Who? | Ataturk= founder of Turks, creates the new Turkey ( a young turk himself) they are ar group of Turkish officers in the Ottoman empire a 1920's movement of opposition against the absolute rule of Ottoman sultan Abd al-Hamid II |
| Young Turks What? | relize once war has gone badly and the Ottomans are out of the war, they start a Revolution and take over the countrey, create the new Turkey= a secular, progressive islamic country where westerners can travel freely |
| Young Turks Why Sigmificant? | end of the Ottoman Empire. create the new Turkey, secualr and islamic and progressive! |
| Mandate System What? | (Legue of Nations allows for the mandate system- Eillsons 14 pnts, WWI= later becont UN)After the Ottoman empire falls apart, the Frech and British carve up the middle east/ Turkey taken over by turks Brits= control Palistine, Iraq and Jordan (Brits Mandate) French= control Syria and Lebinon (French mandate) |
| Mandate System who? | Brits and French in the 1920's |
| Mandate System why significant? | a way of organizing control over counties |
| Franz Ferdinand Who? | (1863-1914), archduke of Austria, born in Graz. Heir to the Austro- Hunagrian crown |
| Franz Ferdinand What? | he and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia , on June 28, 1914, by a Serb nationalist. |
| Franz Ferdinand Why Significant? | The incident precipitated World War I. helped start WWI. create friction and draws Austria to declare war on Serbia, fought in wwi |
| Alliance Systems What? | 1. Triple ALLIANCE: Germany, Austro-Hungary ansd Italty(later switchs) 2. Triple Entante: England, France, Russia and (Italy) |
| Alliance Systems Why Significant? | made ppl more bold, especally the smaller countries or powers now feel more powerful b/c larger, more powerful countries have its back = cause of war |
| Schlieffen Plan Who? | General Alfred Von Schlieffen |
| Schlieffen Plan What? | German war plan that influenced the opening stages of World War I. Count Alfred von Schlieffen was Chief of the German General Staff from 1891 to 1905. He developed a plan for the conduct of a war on two fronts, against both Russia and her ally France. Taking advantage of the fact that the huge Russian Army would be slow to mobilize, he planned a massive German attack in the West, hoping to defeat France swiftly and allow Germany to turn on the Russians thereafter. Went through Beligum which brought British into the war |
| Schlieffen Plan Why Significant? | French Army defeat the Germans in the Battle of the Marne. This defeat effectively ended any chance of the swift and decisive German victory planned by Schlieffen. |
| Zimmermann Note Who? | Arthur Zimmermann (1864-1940), German statesman, author of the famous “Zimmermann note,” |
| Zimmermann Note What? | 1917. a coded telegram dispatched by the German Empire. Instructed Ambassador in mexico that if the U.S was going to join the war, they wanted alliance with spanish= Germans offered material aid(help mexico gain back Texas, New Mexico and Arizona)..... this telegram was intercepted and revealed to the America in Press March 1st= U.S entered wwi April 6 |
| Zimmermann Note Why Siginifcant? | helped precipitate American entry into World War I, led ameicans to join in wwi |
| Total war What? | involved mobilization of resources and ppl, increase gov't power. Gov't expanded powers. Drafted tens of thousands of men(gov't set up price/wage and rent control $. Regulated imports vs exports.. Planned economies, everyone equal under national army which was decicated to victory= casualties grew worse! roles of women early 1900's |
| Total War Why Significant? | first time in WWI that innocent civilians were killed/ no longer did war consist of army against army but included the whole country! ?? |
| Bolshevik Revolution Who? | Bolsheviks( party dedicated to violent Revolution) RUSSIAN |
| Bolshevik Revolution What? | The first rev of March 1917= 10,000 women protested the rationing of bread= gov't ordered army to kill them but they refused!! Nov. 6th, Lenin turned over gov't to soviets. bolsheviks Become communists(change name). Treaty of Brest= Litovsk gave up E. Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Baltic provinces 1(918-1921)... red vs white. Took over Serbia and Ukraine, gained control of independent nations |
| V. I. Lenin Who? | (1870-1924), Russian revolutionary leader, lawyer and theorist... underlined the need for a dedicated core of leaders to carry outr the revolution for Russias benifit!! |
| V. I. Lenin What? | had control over the first government of Soviet Russia and then that of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Lenin was the leader of the radical socialist Bolshevik Party (later renamed the Communist Party), which seized power in the October phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917. After the revolution, Lenin headed the new Soviet government that formed in Russia. He became the leader of the USSR upon its founding in 1922. Lenin held the highest post in the Soviet government until his death in 1924, when Joseph Stalin assumed power. so... his slogan= "Peace, Land and Bread" he called for Russias immediate withdrawl from the war, land for the peasants, and a gov't run food distributaion system= Lenin took over Gov't on Nov 7th and the revolutionary coup succeeded= Communists seized power!!! a a Treaty of Brest= march 1918 between Germany and Russia= communist gov't took russia out of the war! |
| V. I. Lenin Civil War | revolutionary= "Red" (communists) anti-revolutionary "Whites" = Civil War in Russia= bolsheviks were victorious!! |
| V. I. Lenin Why Significant? | leader fof Bolshevik Party, big player in the cause of the Bolshevik Revolution, got russia back on its feet b/c was going under! successsful in revoultinon!! |
