| A | B |
|---|
| Boyle's Law | for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas varies inversely with pressure |
| Charles' Law | the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant |
| Gay-Lussac's Law | the pressure and Kelvin temperature of a gas are directly proportional at constant volume |
| Combined Gas Law | a relationship describing the behavior of gases that combines Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's Laws |
| Ideal Gas Constant | a term with the value of 8.31 (LxkPa)/(Kxmol) |
| Ideal Gas Law | the relationship P x V = n x R x T, which describes the behavior of an ideal gas |
| Valence Electrons | an electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom |
| Electron Dot Structures | a notation that depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of an element |
| Octet Rule | atoms react by gaining or losing electrons so as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas, usually 8 valence electrons |
| Halide Ions | a negative ion formed when a halogen atom atom gains an electron |
| Ionic Bonds | the electrostatic attraction that binds oppositely charged ions together |
| Coordination Number | the number of ions of opposite charge that surround each ion in a crystal |
| Single Covalent Bond | a bond formed when a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms |
| Structural Formulas | a chemical formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule or polyatomic ion; each dash between two atoms indicates a pair of shared electrons |
| Unshared Pairs | a pair of valence electrons that is not involved in bonding |
| Double Covalent Bonds | a covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms |
| Triple Covalent Bonds | a covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms |
| Coordinate Covalent Bond | a covalent bond formed when one atom contributes both bonding electons |
| Resonance Structures | one of two or more equally valid electron dot structures for molecule or polyatomic ion; the actual bonding is a hybrid, or mixture, of the resonance structures |
| Molecular Orbitals | an orbital resulting from the overlapping of atomic orbitals when two atoms combine |
| Bonding Orbital | a molecular orbital whose energy is lower than that of the atomic orbitals from which it is formed |
| VSEPR theory | valence shell electron pair repulsion; electron pairs repel molecules adjust their shapes so that valence-electron pairs are as far apart as possible |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | a bond formed when the atoms in a molecule are alike and the bonding electrons are shared equally |
| Polar Covalent Bond | a bond formed when two different atoms are joined by a covalent bond and the bonding electrons are shared unequally |
| Polar Bond | a bond formed when two different atoms are joined by a covalent bond and the bonding electrons are shared unequally |
| Polar Molecule | a molecule, like water, in which one or more atoms is slightly negative and one or more is slightly positive, unless they cancel each other out |
