| A | B |
|---|
| Aryans | descended from pastoral peoples from Central Asia in the second
millennium B.C.E. |
| asceticism | Asceticism
o Self-sacrifice, even mutilation to placate and communicate w/ the gods
o Originally for magical powers, later for meditation/clarity
o Could talk to god directly, w/o priests
o Practiced in Christianity and Islam as well
o Yoga evolved from early Indian Asceticism |
| Asoka Maurya | Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya
Began reign violently, conquering, pillaging, killing
o Upon converting to Buddhism in 3rd Century BCE became benevolent
_ Planted Banyan trees and built shelters at roadsides for weary
travelers and pilgrims
_ Spread Buddhism throughout India, built stupas to house relics of
the Buddha and pillars to mark pilgrimage routes
_ Son converted Sri Lanka to Buddhism |
| Brahman | a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood. |
| buddhism | Four noble truths:
o All life is suffering
o Suffering is caused by desire
o End suffering by ending desire
o End desire by avoiding a life of vulgar materialism and self torture
_ Four noble truths can be achieved by following the Eightfold Path
(aka the Middle Path: the path between passion/luxury and
pain/self-torture)
¥ Right knowledge, right purpose, right speech, right
conduct, right occupation, right effort, right awareness,
right meditation |
| Castes | each of the hereditary classes of Hindu society, distinguished by relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution and of social status ¥ the system of dividing society into such classes. |
| Chandragupta Maurya | drove out occupying forces and solidified control over N. Indian Plain. Established Capital at Pataliputra (Patna)in Ganges Valley in NE India.
o Maurya advised by KautilyaÑ who wrote the ArthasastraÑtreaty on
politics.
_ States that king should focus on happiness and needs of subjects;
when divine law conflicts with law of reason, law of reason governs; ends rather than means important.
o Government centralized and despotic (possessing and abusing unlimited power; arbitrariness).
_ 1. Large army, 2. Secret police, 3. Board of censors to guard against corruption.
o Empire divided into provinces ruled by governors (pre-modern necessity:) then districts (magistrate); then villages (council of elders).
o At first governors appointed by ruler & hereditary (decline of nations oftencome in retreat from merit and ability). |
| Dharma | the principle of cosmic order; virtue, righteousness, and duty, esp. social and caste duty in accord with the cosmic order. |
| ganges river valley | South; IndiaÕs Ôholy riverÕ; a core region of India culture. |
| harappa | ancient city of the Indus valley civilization ( c. 2600Ð1700 bc), in northern Pakistan. The site of the ruins was discovered in 1920 |
| hinduism | Find roots in and evolved from the Vedas, oral stories brought by the Aryans
o Vedas: earliest religious beliefs, hymns, ceremonies, tales of battles
Several gods and goddesses representing forces of nature: a pantheon
built on fundamental doctrine of Karma:
o OneÕs actions in this life determines rebirth in the next
o Transmutability of the soul
_ Karma governed by dharma, laws regulating human behavior,
specific to caste
o Brahmins played key role in ceremonies |
| indus river valley | West; now relatively dry area forming backbone of Pakistan, in ancient times more moderate environment, cultural center of India |
| iron plow | dig deeper, last longer, break up tough soil and roots.
Irrigation Ð Began in Indus valley but eventually transformed jungle around Ganges into fertile, productive agricultural land. |
| janism | is an ancient Indian religion that prescribes a path of non-violence for all forms of living beings in this world; limited or no posession |
| Jati | Each caste divided into thousands of different jatisÑtechnically with different economic functions, ¥ but actually more fluidÑa jati might engage in different occupations, or change its occupation. _ Each jati divided into hundreds or thousands of nuclear families and governed by council of elders. _ Hereditary membership in the ruling council, based on wealth and social status within community. |
| Karma | (in Hinduism and Buddhism) the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences. destiny or fate, following as effect from cause |
| mahabarata | is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the R_m_ya_a. The epic is part of the Hindu itih_sa (literally "history"), and forms an important part of Hindu mythology. Contains the Bhagavadgita
_ Krishna says donÕt worry about success or failure of act, only
moral rightness of act, do your duty |
| majority of Indians are in | Sudra |
| ramayana | one of the two great Sanskrit epics of the Hindus, It describes how Rama, aided by his brother and the monkey king Hanuman, rescued his wife Sita from Ravana, the ten-headed demon king of Lanka. |
| reincarnation | o Reincarnation:
_ Individual soul is reborn again and again in different forms after
death
_ Goal is to ultimately escape reincarnation (all life is pain)
¥ Achieve union with Brahman, the great world soul (a form
of dreamless sleep free from earthly desires, contentment)
¥ Escape is known as moksha
_ Hinduism places all living things on a vast scale, caste system (to
be discussed later), ascend castes towards moksha
_ Reincarnation (in relation to caste) serves to provide:
¥ Religious sanction for the rigid class distinctions in India
¥ Moral and political justification for the privileges of those
higher on the scale
¥ Incentive for people low on the ladder to live well, accept
their status, and hope for better in the future
¥ Also a means for non hindus to eventually be born into
Hindu families and thus become closer to moksha |
| Rig-Veda | The Rig-Veda is an ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns. It is counted among the four canonical sacred texts (_ruti) of Hinduism known as the Vedas |
| rule of fishes | Ruling class glorified warfare (Rule of Fishes)
_ War as sport of kings, idea stems from Arthasastra |
| sati | the wife of Shiva, reborn as Parvati. According to some accounts, she died by throwing herself into the sacred fire. |
| stupas | to house relics of the Buddha and pillars to mark pilgrimage routes |
| suttee | the former Hindu practice of a widow immolating herself on her husband's funeral pyre. |
| Untouchables | actually out of caste systemÑpariahs (modern word);
from slave class, prisoners of war, ethnic minorities: trash collectors,
handlers of dead bodies, butchers. Less than human, considered polluting, no other Indian would touch or eat food prepared by pariah, oblige to live in special ghettoes and announce presence that they might be avoided. |
| varna | each of the four Hindu castes, Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra. |
| Vedas | the most ancient Hindu scriptures, written in early Sanskrit and containing hymns, philosophy, and guidance on ritual for the priests of Vedic religion. Believed to have been directly revealed to seers among the early Aryans in India, and preserved by oral tradition |
| Civil service exam | Government should be open to people of ability_civil service examination. |
| Confucianism | 1. Confucius (b. 551)Ñ political adviser. More a philosophy
2. People should concentrate on this life instead of engaging in useless
speculations about the next. Social order, harmony, and good order.
3. All humans had their Dao (Way)ÑDharmaÑhad to follow their path.
DutyÑsubordinate your personal interests to the needs of the wider
community
4. ÒIf the root is in disorder, it is impossible for the branches to be in order.Ó
5. ÒDo not do to others what you would not wish done to yourself.Ó
6. Government should be open to people of ability_civil service examination.
7. Mencius (370-290 B.C.E.): understood Confucius to mean people were
malleable, inherently good, ruler should govern with compassion. |
| Daoism | Daosim(Taoism)
1. Perhaps legendary Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) or the Old Master, contemporary of
Confucius.
2. The importance of intuition, natureÑBruce Lee ÒBe like waterÓÑnot
ConfuciusÕ hard work and diligence and planning. If you want wisdom,
observe the clouds, streams, and birdsÑnothing in nature strives for wealth
and fame. Arguing about good and bad, poor and graceful manners pointless.
3. More individualistic than ConfucianismÑmore liberating. Especially
prevalent among intellectuals |
| filial piety | ConfucianismÑfilial
pietyAncestor venerationImportance of family for rice
cultivationÑlabor intensiveÑneed for children when young and
later.Social security
b. Filial pietyÑall subordinate |
| Han Dynasties | Much shorter period of warring states (206-202)Ñthen Han took over;
perhaps the greatest and most influential dynasty in Chinese historyÑby
historic standards efficient and benevolent
3. Han Origins
a. Liu Bang founder of the Han, of peasant origin ÒHan GaozuÓ, Han
Kao Tsu, Exalted Emperor , Founder of Han.
b. Kept Several Qin Governing idealsAlso made changes, most overtly abandoning legalism in favor of
State Confucianism. |
| legalism | The School of LawÑsuperior men were not enough to govern societyÑwhat
is needed is a set of firm, well-designed laws.. |
| Lui Vang | founder of the Han, of peasant origin ÒHan GaozuÓ, Han Kao Tsu, Exalted Emperor , Founder of Han. |
| Mandate of heaven | "Ruled by mandate of HeavenÑimpersonal entity, law of natureÑKing not of
divine origin, but divine endorsement, representative.
3. King was selected to rule because of talent and virtue; could theoretically be
overthrown if he failed to rule with justice and efficiency.
4. ÒHe who wins is the king; he who loses is the rebel.Ó" |
| plight of the peasants | "Confucian scholar
Wang MangÑdefender of peasantsÑtook power from Han Court
and declared new dynasty." |
| Popular beliefs | "1. Frequently a divide between ÒhighÓ religion and Òpopular religionÓ
2. Popular DaoismÑanimistic beliefsÑmore a religion then the high
philosophy of intellectuals.
3. Rituals and forms intended to achieve salvation or earthly immortality. Mind
and body exercises intended to increase power, sexual prowess, and long life
(tiger, rhino).
4. elite idea of heaven (impersonal, vague-Judaism/Buddhism) and popular idea
(animistic spiritsÑliving and unliving things)Ñgods for different
thingsÑlike Hinduism, but distinct.
5. Spirits hung about for a while before going to final judgment.
6. Beliefs didnÕt hold out the offer of personal solace" |
| Qin Dynasties | 1. Origins: Young state w/strong defensive position in the mountains to the
west of great bend of the Yellow River & control of fertile Sichuan plains,
2. Qin slowly subdued primary rivals b/c of conquest and diplomatic
maneuvering. In 221, established new regime.
3. ÒFirst EmperorÓ Qin Shi Huangdi: strong personality, small stature, and great
ambition.
4. Chin embraced Legalism.unified systems to make them more coherent:
a. systems of weights and measures,
b. monetary system,
c. written forms of Chinese character,
d. ordered construction of roads of standard width, 4,000 miles of
roads, size of cart axles |
| Qin Shi Huangdi | a. 1974Ñ35 miles E of Xian_farmers building a well discovered terra
cotta statues. Qin Shi HuangdiÕs imperial army.
b. More than a thousand individually carved figures unearthed &
horses, wooden chariots, 7 thousand bronze weapons.ÒFirst EmperorÓ Qin Shi Huangdi: strong personality, small stature, and great
ambition. |
| Regent | guy who steps in the king is not able to lead |
| Shang Dynasties | "2. Legendary ruler, Yu, irrigation and draining of flood waters
3. Xia dynasty replaced by Shang, around 16th c. BCE
4. Capital at Anyang, north of Yellow riverÑarchaeological findings (oracle
bones)Ñox and chicken bones, turtle shells used for divination and
communicationcentral bureaucracy
- territories governed by aristocratic chieftains appointed and replaced by
king
- large armies, patrolling especially northern borders" |
| Silk Road: what traded where to? | Growth of trade_increase in wealth began to replace northern birth as
source of power and influence.
6. Trade in salt, cloth, silk. Silkworms long cultivated in China_used for
clothing and quilts and to wrap the dead. Silk found as far away as
Athens_The Silk Road. |
| technological advances: bronze, iron, rudder, paper, etc. | Paper was important because it became cheaper to make and buy instead of using silk - Iorn was invented and use to make weapons and tools and were stronger than bronze and stone - The rudder was invented to enable one to steer a ship properly |
| the king/emporor of China, how viewed | The Kings and Emperors were viewed as g-ds. But if something bad happened during there time of rule the mandate of heaven got rid of them. |
| the well-field system | the well field systemÓÑfarmers
work on local lordÕs land together, but have small outlying plots for own use.
2. merchants and artisans in walled townsÑalmost property of lords. |
| Wang Mang | "9 CE, reformist official, regent for infant king, Confucian scholar
Wang MangÑdefender of peasantsÑtook power from Han Court
and declared new dynasty.
b. Mang tried to confiscate great estates, restore well-field system,
abolish slavery." |
| Yin yang | Forces comprising nature yin (the moon) female, dark, evil & yang (the sun),
male, light, good. Forces existing in balanced tension. Ebb and flow, natural
state of things: Fatalism. |
| Zhou Dynasties | 1. 11th Century BCE Shang Dynasty overthrown by state to the West of Anyang.
2. New Dynasty lasted 800 years, longest dynasty in Chinese history.
3. Tradition says last Shang ruler was a degenerate, immoral, drunk.
4. Capital in Xian, later at Luoyang, further to the East to administrate Shang
lands. East-West capitals throughout two thousand years of ChinaÕs history.Ruled by mandate of HeavenÑimpersonal entity, law of natureÑKing not of
divine origin, but divine endorsement, representative. |
| Greece | Lots of coast lines which influenced trade, not |
| Aeschylus | Greek dramatist, the earliest of the great tragic poets of Athens. |
| Alexander | the great |
| Aphrodite | Goddess of Beauty |
| Apollo | Sun god, god of music and poetry |
| Aristophanes | Athenian playwright, considered one of the greatest writers of comedy in literary history. |
| Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. |
| Athena | in Greek mythology, the god of the sky and ruler of the Olympian gods |
| athenian education | very strict, valued highly, boys & girls, music classes, rhetoric, philosophy |
| athenian metics | immigrants, sometimes of several generationsÕ standing who might occasionally be rewarded with citizenship but had no right to apply for citizenship |
| athenian slavery | often non-Greek, and people in other servile categories, often an indigenous group reduced to subjection by those who controlled the city (such as the helots of Sparta). |
| athenian society | education based |
| battle of Marathon | 490 BC between athens and the persians |
| Battle of Salamis | 480 BC naval battle between athens and the persians |
| battle of Thermopylae | Battle of Thermopylae, battle fought between the Greeks and the Persians at Thermopylae, in central Greece, in 480 bc. It was the first major battle fought during the invasion of Greece that the Persian king, Xerxes, led between 480 and 479 bc. Although it ended in victory for the Persians, the battle is noted primarily for the bravery shown by the Greeks and, in particular, by the Spartans and their king, Leonidas. |
| Cynicism | a member of a school of ancient Greek philosophers founded by Antisthenes, marked by an ostentatious contempt for ease and pleasure. |
| democracy | a government in which all citizens take part |
| Dionysus | god of wine |
| direct democracy | all citizens participated directly in making decisions |
| Dorians | a member of a Hellenic people speaking the Doric dialect of Greek, thought to have entered Greece from the north |
| Epicureanism | an ancient school of philosophy founded in Athens by Epicurus. The school rejected determinism and advocated hedonism (pleasure as the highest good), but of a restrained kind: mental pleasure was regarded more highly than physical, and the ultimate pleasure was held to be freedom from anxiety and mental pain, esp. that arising from needless fear of death and of the gods. |
| Euripides | Greek dramatist who ranks with Sophocles and Aeschylus as the greatest classical tragedians. He wrote more than 90 tragedies, although only 18, including Medea, Hippolytus, and The Trojan Women, survive in complete form. |
| geography: what like, how'd it affect | the city states were seperated which meant no unifiacation |
| Great Dionysis | good of wine and plays |
| Greek Architecture | columns |
| Greek Drama | plays, tradegies and comidies |
| Greek religious beliefs | polytheistic |
| Hades | god of the underworld, wife Persephone |
| Hellenistic Culture | rooted in rise to power of Macedon, a Greek community in the north of Greece.† Macedonian armies conquered Greece and the Persian Empire in the space of two generations. |
| Herodotus | Greek historian whose writings, chiefly concerning the Persian Wars, are the earliest known examples of narrative history. |
| Hippocrates | Greek physician who laid the foundations of scientific medicine by freeing medical study from the constraints of philosophical speculation and superstition. |
| Hoplites | a soldier or heavy infantryman |
| Knossos | the principal city of Minoan Crete |
| Macedonia | where alexander and phillip II are from |
| Math & Physics | advances |
| Math & Science | advances |
| Minoans | Palace of Minos, legendary king of Crete. Wrote in a script known as Linear A. They were very sophisticated people. Around 1500 B.C. a volcanic eruption on a nearby island sent giant tidal waves crashing across Crete. Minoans rebuilt but their civilization weakened. Knossos was destroyed in about 1400 B.C. possibly by Indo Europeans who migrated to Greece and established their own civilization. |
| Mycenaeans | (1400- 1100 B.C.) people who invaded Crete. Organized into clans/ tribes. Sea traders. Dominated Greek mainland from 1600-1200 B.C. Built fortified cities in the Peloponnesus. War like people who carried out raids by sea. Conquered Crete and adopted many elements of Minoan civilization. By 1200 B.C. most of the major Mycenaean cities, including Mycenae, had been destroyed |
| nobles (how did they gain power? How did they lead to coloies?) | very important people |
| Painting | a priest or priestess acting as a medium through whom advice or prophecy was sought from the gods in classical antiquity. |
| pedagogues | a man slave for young boys who taught manners and went everywhere with the boy |
| Peloponessian War | war between athens and sparta SPARTA won |
| Pericles | golden age of Athens ruler |
| Phalanx | consisted of rows of soilders standing shoulder to shoulder and equipped with pikes as long as 21 feet |
| Philip II | alexander's dad |
| Plato | Greek philosopher. A follower of Socrates, he presented his ideas through dramatic dialogues, in the most celebrated of which (The Republic) the interlocutors advocate a utopian society ruled by philosophers trained in Platonic metaphysics. |
| Polis (4 main characteristics) | city state |
| Poseidon | god of the wind & sea, Brother of Zeus |
| Pythagoras | Greek philosopher who founded a school in southern Italy that sought to discover the mathematical principles of reality through the study of musical harmony and geometry. The Pythagorean theorem is ascribed to him. |
| Religion & Philosophy | many gods Zues is the main god |
| representative democracy | citizens elect representatives to run the govt for them |
| rhetoric | was the study of oratory or public speaking and debating |
| Socrates | Greek philosopher whose indefatigable search for ethical knowledge challenged conventional mores and led to his trial and execution on charges of impiety and corrupting the youth. Although Socrates wrote nothing, his method of question and answer is captured in the dialogues of Plato, his greatest pupil. |
| sophists | a paid teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greece, associated in popular thought with moral skepticism and specious reasoning. |
| Sophocles | Greek dramatist. Together with Euripides and Aeschylus, he is considered one of the greatest dramatists of ancient Greece |
| sparta | war like city state |
| sparta citizens vs. half citizens | half citizens could not vote |
| Spartan boys upbringing and education | rough upbringing, watch 300 |
| Stoicism | The school taught that virtue, the highest good, is based on knowledge, and that the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason (also identified with Fate and Providence) that governs nature, and are indifferent to the vicissitudes of fortune and to pleasure and pain. |
| The Delian League | league run by athens |
| Thucydides | Greek historian. Remembered for his History of the Peloponnesian War, he fought in the conflict on the Athenian side. |
| Zeus | in Greek mythology, the god of the sky and ruler of the Olympian gods |
| Geographical Advantages of Rome | lack of high mountains; seven hills. Shallow Tiber River. Inland/safe from pirates yet close enough for trade. |
| Augustulus | last Roman Emperor. Gives power to German General |
| Caesar | Roman general and statesman. He established the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus in 60 and became consul in 59. Between 58 and 51 he fought the Gallic Wars, invaded Britain 55Ð54, and acquired immense power. After civil war with Pompey, which ended in Pompey's defeat at Pharsalus in 48, Caesar became dictator of the Roman Empire. He was murdered on the Ides (15th) of March in a conspiracy led by Brutus and Cassius. |
| Centuriate Assembly | peoples' assembly |
| Constantine | Roman emperor; known as Constantine the Great. He was the first Roman emperor to be converted to Christianity and in 324 made Christianity the empireÕs state religion. In 330, he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinopolis (Constantinople). He is venerated as a saint in the Orthodox Church. |
| Counsul | one of the two annually elected chief magistrates who jointly ruled the republic. |
| Daily Life of Roman City | noisy; dangerous; crowded; Insulae/Apartments; Population just under 1 million |
| Decline and Fall of Rome (Economic and Millitary Problumes) | *invasion *civil war *decline in trade *plague *farm production down *fields ravaged by invaders *army made up of mercenaries *inflation |
| Reforms of Diocletian | *attempt to restore traditional religion by persecuting Christians failed, *created four units with own rulers * enlarged bureacracy *drained public funds *empire too large to control *set wage/price controls *forced people into certain jobs |
| Eastern Roman Empire | continued to thrive as Byzantine empire |
| Edict of Milan | ConstantineÕs military success also led him to establish toleration of all religions, including Christianity. |
| Etruscans | came from the north, early control of Rome, latin speaking, villages grew to cities, Monarachy, important influence on the Romans |
| Collaps of First Triumvirate: Ceaser, Crassus and Pompey | Crassus- died. Pompey - jealous of Caesar and fled to Greece. Caesar - took rule when Pompey fled |
| Gaius Gracchus | To develop the resources of Italy and at the same time provide employment for the poor, Gaius inaugurated a program of road repair and construction throughout the country. He secured passage of a law entitling every citizen in Rome to purchase grain at half price, and he formulated measures designed to curb the power of the Senate and to increase that of wealthy commoners. Eventually he and his followers had to flee, and was found the next day. |
| Horace | Human emotions, odes, satire and epistles(letters) |
| Huns | Warriors from Asia, invaded Europe, put pressure on the Visigoths |
| III Virtues associated w/ Roman Success/ Cincinnatus | 1. Doing what your ought to do/ Duty 2. Courage 3. Discipline/Self-Contol |
| IV emperors after Augustus | Julies-Claudius Emperors 1. Tiberius 2. Caligula 3. Claudius 4.Nero |
| Latifundia | a large landed estate or ranch in ancient Rome typically worked by slaves |
| Latin Literatrue | Golden age during Augustus |
| Livy | Wrote about Cincinatus; glorified Rome |
| Marius | Changed Army. Soldiers rewarded with treasure. Paid them so they wer loyal to general and not king |
| Nero | Roman Emperor infamous for his cruelty, he ordered the murder of his mother Agrippina in 59 and wantonly executed leading Romans. His reign witnessed a fire that destroyed half of Rome in 64. A wave of uprisings in 68 led to his flight from Rome and his eventual suicide. |
| Octavian or Augustus | Caesar's nephew/adopted son; Roman Senate gave Octavian the title Augustus (Òconsecrated,Ó or ÒholyÓ) by which he is known |
| Patricians | a member of a noble family or class in ancient Rome; could be senators |
| Plebeians | The Plebs was the general body of Roman citizens (as distinguished from slaves) in Ancient Rome. Discriminated, working, merchants, farmers, served in army, could own land |
| Plight of Small Farmers | lost land to Rome |
| Praetor | each of two ancient Roman magistrates ranking below consul; commanded armies and over saw legal sytem |
| Punic War I | Sicily. Carthage asked for peace |
| Punic War II | Navy fleet. Carthage power |
| Punic War III | Rome declared war. Enslaved fell. |
| Reasons for Rome's Early Success | 1. Strong army 2. Practical Govt 3. Key Location 4. Roman Law |
| Reforms of Constantine | *sole ruler *Eastern capitol at Constantinople |
| Republic | a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch. |
| Roman Art & Architecture | *Greek Sculpture influence *sewage systems *arches *vaulted domes *vaulted ceilings *stone *wood *concrete *All roads lead to Rome *50,000 miles of road *aqueducts |
| Roman Persecution | Christians and Jews targeted for harshest treatment |
| Roman Religion | *Greek influence (Gods of Olympus) *Judaism *Christianity |
| Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Antony, Lepidus | Octavian - Caesar's nepherw. Antony and Lepidus took control whil Octavian was in Greece |
| Senate | the state council of the ancient Roman republic and empire; controlled funds and foreign policy |
| Spartacus | Thracian slave and gladiator. He led a revolt against Rome in 73, but eventually was defeated by Crassus in 71 and crucified. |
| Sulla | march on Rome, against the law. Served as dictator for three years |
| Theodosius | Christianity becomes state religion of Rome |
| Theories on the fall of Rome | *Christianity's spirituality and non-violence weakened military *non-Italians gain prominence *decline in values *lead poisoning *failure to advance in technology *plague *failure of political system (large bureaucracy) *rampant inflation *to much land/war on many fronts *Successive invasion |
| Tiberius | e became a champion of the cause of the common people and the impoverished farmers and commenced an agitation for reform.and despite opposition from the aristocracy, he obtained legislation providing for a more equitable distribution of public lands among the small farmers. A rumor then circulated to the effect that Tiberius was seeking dictatorial power. His enemies demanded his immediate death and precipitated a riot in which Tiberius was murdered, along with 300 of his followers, and his body cast into the Tiber River. |
| Twelve Tables | Laws on public display. Standards similar to US modern law. *accused has right to trial *innocent until proven gulity *evidenc *applied to all people |
| V good emperors: Pax Romana | Nerva, Trajar, Hadrian, Antonius Dius, Marcus Aurelius |
| Vandals | a member of a Germanic people that centuries and sacked Rome in ad 455. |
| Virgil | Augustus; Aeneid |
| Visigoths | because of pressure from the Huns being in Europe invaded and conquered the Roman Empire |
| Abbasids | Was the third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The Caliphate is one of the high points of Islam, and at the time Muslim civilization, together with that of Byzantium, China and India, was the most developed part of the world. It was ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs |
| Abu Bakr | Was an early person to convert to Islam and a senior companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the first Muslim Ruler |
| Architecture | wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture. Main Bulidings Mosques, tombs and places. Never drawings or depictions of Muhammad |
| Art | Mostly pictures of nature and calligraphy. NEVER drawings or depictions of Muhammad |
| Bedouins | a nomadic Arab of the desert. |
| House of Wisdom | Was a library and translation institute in Abbassid-era Baghdad, Iraq |
| Jihad | a holy war undertaken by Muslims against unbelievers. |
| Muezzin | is a chosen person at the mosque who leads the call to Friday service and the five daily prayers from one of the mosque's minarets |
| Muhammad | Is widely referred to as the founder of the religion of Islam however is contrarily regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of God |
| Seljuk Turks | The Seljuks were a tribe of Tartars from Central Asia who established a powerful empire in Persia in the 11th century. |
| Shari'a | is the body of Islamic religious law. The term means "way" or "path to the water source". |
| Sheikh | is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "elder". It is commonly used to designate an elder of a tribe, a revered wise man, or an Islamic scholar. |
| Shiite | is the second largest denomination of Islam, after Sunni Islam. |
| Sunni | is the largest denomination of Islam |
| The Ka'aba | s a cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the most sacred site in Islam. |
| Umayyads | was the second of the four Islamic caliphates established after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. It was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, whose name derives from Umayya ibn Abd Shams, the great-grandfather of the first Umayyad caliph. Although the Umayyad family's originally from the city of Mecca |
| V Pillars of Islam | Shah_dah - Profession of faith, _al_t - Prayers, Zak_h - Paying of alms (giving to the poor), _awm - Fasting during Ramadan, Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca |
| Why Sunni and Shiite Split | After MohammedÕs death in 632, leadership of the Islamic community passed to Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, one of MohammedÕs closest companions. Some in the community felt that this succession was not legitimate, and that the title of caliph really belonged to Ali ibn Abi Talib. AliÕs claim was supported by the fact that he was MohammedÕs cousin, his adopted son, his first convert (at the age of nine), and husband of his daughter Fatima. Both sides believe that Mohammed specifically designated their man: Supporters of Abu became the Sunnis, those of ibn Ali the Shiites. |
| Africa Geography | There are deserts like the Sahara, jungles, mountians, seas-red sea, Great rift valley |
| Architecture | One finds structures in thatch, stick/wood, mud, mudbrick, rammed earth, and stone, with a preference for materials by region: North Africa for stone and rammed earth, West Africa for mud/adobe, Cenral Africa thatch/wood and more perishable materials, East Africa varied, Southern Africa for stone and thatch/wood. A wall in North Africa might be built of stone or rammed earth, in West Africa mud/mudbrick, in Central Africa wood, Southern Africa wood or stone, and East Africa all. African Vernacular Architecture also makes use of a wide range of materials. Built many religious buildings like mosques and tombs (pyrimids) |
| Axum | is a city in northern Ethiopia named after the Kingdom of Aksum |
| Bards | a bard was a professional poet, paid by a monarch to praise the sovereign's activities. |
| Berbers | n indigenous people of North Africa |
| Dance | the dance of Sub-Saharan Africa, and more appropriately African dances because of the many cultural differences in musical and movement styles. These dances must be viewed in close connection with African Music, as many African languages have no word to define music.These dances teach social patterns and values and helps people work, mature, praise or criticize members of the community while celebrating festivals and funerals, competing, reciting history, proverbs and poetry; and to encounter gods. |
| Ghana/ Mali | The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. |
| Islam in Africa | Islam is the largest religion in Africa |
| Khonisan | is a unifying name for two major ethnic groups of Southern Africa. |
| Kilwa | is a community on an island off the coast of East Africa, in present day Tanzania. |
| Kush | trading-god, ivory, ebony, ostirch feathers, capital=napta, Meroe |
| Mansa Musa | ruler during mali's peak, went to mecca, supported education, art and building |
| Matrilineal | followed mom's family line |
| Music | The music of Africa is as vast and varied as the continent's many regions, nations and ethnic groups. Although there is no distinct pan-African music, there are common forms of musical expression, especially within regions. |
| Religions | Islam, christianty, and traditional religions |
| Son of Sheba | major compeititor for control of trade, |
| Swahili | a member of a people of Zanzibar and nearby coastal regions, descendants of the original speakers of Swahili. |
| The Sahara | The largest desert in the world |
| 1st Cursade | 1096-1099, mostly french, chirstians win |
| 2nd Crusade | 1147-1149, musliums strik back, FAIL |
| 3rd Crusade | 1189-1191, king's crusade Saladin captures Jerusalem |
| Alexander Nevsky | house of commons and house of lords |
| Benedictines | Saint Benedict |
| Black Death | plauge |
| Charlemagne | Pepin's son, holy roman emperor, missi dominici |
| Charles Martel | the hammer, pepin is his son |
| Cistercians | monks, very strict |
| Clovis | Franksih ruler, promised to convert to Chirstianity if he won war |
| Concordat of worms | only church leaders can elect church officals |
| Dominicans | monks, to defend church teachings from heresey |
| Edward I | English parliament emerged |
| Elements of the "NEW" European Civilization | foundation of rome, guidance of chirstian church, infulence of germanic people |
| Estates | classes-clergy, nobles, townspeople |
| Franciscans | saint francis, rejected all poverty, undertook missionary work. |
| Fredericks | I and II wanted to control all of italy so they left for war, and left the nobles in charge WHAT AN IDIOT |
| French Kingdoms | clovis |
| Geman Law | got into fight with pope geogory VII about lay investiture |
| Henry II of England | common law, 1154-1189 |
| Henry IV of Germany | got into fight with pope geogory VII about lay investiture |
| Holy Roman Empire | otto I cuz he protected the pope, german kings, italy is center, struggle between popes and emperors |
| Intestiture controversy | the struggle between Gregory VII and Henry IV |
| King John | 1215, magna carta |
| Lay Investiture | when non-church officails appoint church officals |
| Lord/ Vassal relationship | vassal served the lord militarily |
| Missi Dominici | people sent out to make sure kings laws are being followed |
| Ordeal | one germanic way of determining guilt |
| Parliament | house of commons and house of lords |
| Pepin the Short | son of Charles the hammer |
| Philip II Augustus | 1180-1223, took back french territorties in normandy, main, anjou, and aquitaine from englishg |
| Philip IV the Fair | expanded royal bureaucracy |
| Vikings | northerners from scandinavia |
| Wergeld | system using a fine, "money for a man" |
| William of Normandy | 1066, invaded and conquered England |
