| A | B |
|---|
| Absolutism | Complete power held by one person |
| Treaty of Utrecht | Treaty accepted by France after fighting with Spain, agreed that Fance & Spain wouldn't ever have the same monarch |
| English Bill of Rights | Guaranteed certain fundamental freedoms, no cruel or unusual punishment |
| Enclosures | Fenced-in European lands, including those lands that had once been considered common for local farmers and villagers |
| Scientific Revolution | Revolution in scientific thought that questioned & ultimately destroyed the basic explanations past authorities had provided about how the world worked |
| Microscope | Invention that allowed people to see tiny forms of life never seen before |
| Astrolabe | Instrument invented by the Greeks that allowed observers to chart the positions of the stars and thereby claculate their own position on earth |
| Caravels | Ships that were almost pefectly suited to explorations, equipped with lateen sails & stern-post rudders |
| Sovereignty | Surpreme power of national monarchs, everything controlled by the government |
| Westernization | Copying of Western methods & culture |
| Constitutional Monarchy | Political system in which the powers of a ruler re limited by a constitution |
| Middle Class | Socio-economic class of people between wealthy & poor |
| Heliocentric | sun-centered |
| Scientific Method | the combination of logical deductive reasoning from self-evident principles, and inductive reasoning from the collection & observation of data through repeatable experiments |
| Circumnavigate | to sail a full circle around the world |
| Divine Right of Kings | the idea that God must want monarchs to have absolute power |
| Glorious Revolution | When Mary & her husband, William, (protestant dutch of orange) were offered the crown |
| Great Chain of Being | medieval Europeans believed that all of Go's creation in the universe existed in a hierrchical relationship with one another. all things & all people had been assinged their places |
| Geocentric | earth-centered |
| Telescope | a device for observing far away objects |
| Compass | a magnetized needle that pointed north-south, which had been invented in China |
| Lateen Sail | an innovation that was rigged to the mast as large triangles that could be trimmed, or adjusted to take advantage of the wind no matter what is direction |
| Cardinal Richelieu | chief advisor wanted nothing but strong power for france |
| Peter the Great | Russian throne, started westernization, people loved him, traveled & got hands on experience |
| Queen Elizabeth | adopted a policy of national healing, obeyed the wishes of Parliament |
| James II | learned nothing from Charles II & had little use for Parliament got dethrone in 1688 |
| Ptolemy | a Greek, astronomer believed that planets and stars all moved in perfect circles within their own sphere as the sphere moved in perfect circles around the earth |
| Copernicus | believed that the earth and other planets revolved around the sun, started the scientific revolution |
| Versailles | where Louis XIV built the capital of France |
| Hooke | discovered cells, the basic structural units of living tissues |
| Newton | responsible for the general acceptance of both the method & the worldview of the emerging new science, GRAVITY |
| Vespucci | claimed that the land Columbus had found was not India but a "New World" |
| Louis XIV | Ruled according to Richelieu's centralizing powers & reduced power to nobles |
| Catherine the Great | daughter-in-law to Elizabeth, they continued Peter's reforms |
| Charles I | Tried to enforce a uniform religious practice on all his subjects, fined people if they didn't give him money |
| Locke | believed men lived in "perfect freedom" & natural rights |
| Plato | didn't accept teh authority of the five senses in determining the natur of the universe |
| Kepler | discovered that planets moved in ellipses, or ovals |
| Harvey | discovered how the blood circulated through veins & arteries and described a beating heart as being like a mechanical pump |
| Bacon | rejected deductive reasoing and argued that with repeated experiments and observation one should develp a mass of experimental data, or info, from wich one could develop a general explanation |
| Prince Henry | established a school of sailing and navigation at Sagres, where he assembled experts in navigation & shipbuilding |
| Magellan | Portuguese navigator sailing for Spain proved that the Americas were separate from Asia by leading the first voyage in 1520 |
| Ivan the Terrible | a tormented man who killed many monarchs & even his eldest son |
| Cromwell | established the omnarchy & ran England as a "common wealth", beat Charles I |
| Charles II | restored the monarchy & worked with the Parliament |
| Aristotle | believed that knowledge could be acquired through observation using the five senses, didn't feel the earth moving |
| Pythagoras | believed the universe was in math & if you worked the numberrs you could manipulate the world |
| Galileo | made his own elescope and used it first to investigate the surface of the moon, the true shape of Saturn, the moons of Jupiter, sun spots, & a comet |
| Leeuwenhoek | invented teh microscope |
| Descartes | believed we have a spiritual center, & that there was nothing wrong with deducing knowledge from a basic idea * I think, therefore I am* |
| Columbus | wanted to reach the riches of the Indies by sailing directly west, landed on a small island in the Bahamas, traded with the Indians and then returned to Spain |
| inductive | specific to general |
| deductive | general to specific |
| Novum Organum | written by Bacon, rejected deductive reasoing |
