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| Progressivism | reform movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries that worked to improve various aspects of American life such as city and state government, conservation, working conditions, poverty and regulation of certain business |
| Muckrakers | Writers of the progressive Era who pioneered investigative journalism and exposed social and political corruption of the time |
| The Jungle | most famous of the muckraking novels, published in 1906 by Upton Sinclair; described shocking working conditions and primitive health standards in Chicago stockyards and meat-packing plants |
| Socialist Party of America | U.S political party formed in 1901 and led by Eugene Debbs believed in replacing capitalism with public ownership of means of production; believed that a change to this system could be accomplished through the ballot. |
| Florence Kelly | U.S reformer worked at Chicago’s Hull House (1819-1899); helped write a factory inspection law in Illinois and became the states 1st factory inspector |
| Muller v. Oregon | Supreme court case in 1908 upholding Oregon’s ten-hour-a day work law for women |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | U.S feminist. In the 1900, took over leadership of the National American Woman Suffrage association. Helped secure passage of 19th amendment that guaranteed women the right to vote. |
| W.E.B. DuBois | : The first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard and the author of some of the first black histories, charged that Washington’s strategy was leading the way backward” for African Americans |
| 9 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): | organization formed in 1909 by W.E.B DuBois and others to promote civil rights, equality in job opportunities and education, and an end to segregation for African American |
| Commission system | a form of city government invented by progressive reformers and initiated in Galveston, Texas in 1901; lawmaking and executive functions are vested in a nonpartisan commission of 3 to 5 members, each of whom heads a major city function. |
| City-manager plan | a form of city government, first tried in Staunton, Virginia, in 1908 city council is elected to make laws and set policy; council in turn appoints manager trained in municipal government |
| Robert M. LaFollette | U.S government official. Reform governor of Wisconsin (1901-1906) and U.S senator (1906-1925). Program as governor served as model of progressive government; established direct primary system for nominating political candidates (19030, instituted tax reform, and supported laws against corruption. In the U.S Senate. Participation in the League of Nations |
| Direct Primary | a primary election in which a party’s candidates for elective office are chosen directly by voters instead of by party members at a convention |
| Initiative | a procedure that allows citizens to introduce bills on the ballot or in state legislatures by petition |
| Referendum | a procedure that allows citizens to introduce bills on the ballot or in state legislatures by petition: process that allows citizens to vote on a proposed law or, through petition, to submit an existing law to a vote. |
| Recall | procedure that allows voters to remove an official from office before his or her term has expired |
| Pure food and Drug Act | a law passed by Congress in 1906 that prohibited manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or mislabeled food and drugs in interstate commerce. |
| Meat Inspection Act | law passed by Congress in 1906 that required federal inspection of meat packing facilities. |
| Theodore Roosevelt | 26th U.S president. Helped conserve natural resources, regulated business trusts and monopolies, and supported passage of Pure Food and Drug Act (1906). Secured right to build and control Panama Canal (1903). Denied Republican presidential nomination in 1912 ran as nominee of progressive “Bull Moose” party. Defeated by Woodrow Wilson |
| Trustbusting | government’s attempts to break up monopolies through antitrust suits, especially as carried out by president Theodore Roosevelt against the Northern Securities Company, which the Supreme Court ordered dissolved in 1904 |
| Hepburn Act | law passed by congress in 1906, which gave the Interstate Commerce Commissionpower to set maximum railroad rates |
| Arbitration | method of settling disagreements between employers and workers through decision by impartial person or committee. |
| Water rights | rights to use certain bodies of water and the water table; especially important in arid West of the U.S.; subject to complex state laws and local customs during Western development |
| Conservation | official protection and care of forests, rivers and other natural resources. |
| Reclamation | restoration to productivity of dry lands through irrigation |
| John Muir | U.S. naturalist and writer. Born in Scotland. Founded Sierra Club, urged established of Yosemite and Sequoia national parks, and advocated preservation of wilderness areas |
| Gifford Pinchot | U.S. conservationist and government official. First U.S. professional forester; Theodore Roosevelt's chief advisor on natural resources; professor at Yale University and Governor of Pennsylvania. |
| William Howard Taft | president, enforced Sherman Antitrust Act. Foreign policy often called dollar diplomacy, involved use of both diplomacy and investments to protect American interests in foreign countries particularly in Latin America. |
| 16th Amendment | amendment to the Constitution proposed in 1909 and ratified in 1913 that permitted the federal government to collect income taxes. |
| 17th Amendment | amendment to Constitution proposed in 1912 and ratified in 1913, changing method of electing U.S. senators from election by state legislatures to direct election by voters of the state. |
| Progressive Party | a political party formed in August 1912, by supporters of Theodore Roosevelt; also called the "Bull Moose" party |
| Woodrow Wilson | President. During his first term, Federal Reserve System, Federal Trade Commission, and Clayton Antitrust Act were enacted. President during U.S. involvement in WWI. After WWI helped create League of Nations but was unable to bring the U.S. into this organization |
| Workmen's compensation | laws requiring an employer to pay a worker who is injured or contracts a disease as a result of his or her employment. |
| Underwood Tariff | bill passed by Congress in 1913 that lowered rates on many items, including cotton, woolen goods, steel, coal, and wood; first real reduction in rates since Civil War, permitting competition in industries that had been virtual monopolies for many years; provided for first tax on personal income. |
| Federal Reserve Act | an act of Congress that established 12 Federal Reserve Districts, each with a Federal Reserve Bank; all national banks were required to belong to this system; federal government would also keep its money in Reserve banks and would issue paper money for public use. |
| Federal Trade Commission Act | act of Congress in 1914 design to eliminate unfair business competition in interstate commerce |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | an act of Congress that exempted unions from antitrust actions and outlawed interlocking directorates of companies. |
