| A | B |
|---|
| Paleolithic | Old Stone Age, hunters & gatherers, lived in nomadic tribes & used simple tools |
| Neolithic | New Stone Age, planted crops, lived in vilages, had specialized jobs |
| polytheistic | believed in more than one god |
| monotheistic | belief in one God [the Hebrews] |
| diaspora | the scattering of the hebrew people |
| hieroglyphics | Egyptian picture writing; developed to keep records |
| demotic | a simple form of everyday writing developed in Egypt |
| cuneiform | earliest form of writing; invented by the Sumerians |
| Torah | sacred text of the Hebrews; first 5 books of the Bible |
| covenant | a binding agreement; made between God & the hebrew people |
| River valleys | where the earliest civilizations & cities emerged [began] |
| Neolithic Revolution | the change from hunting and gathering to farming |
| Importance of Nile River | annual floods brought silt to fertilize land; unified Egypt with trade & transportation |
| Sumer | Civilization of Mesopotamia; many independent city-states |
| pyramids | tombs of the Egyptian pharaohs |
| pharaohs | rulers of Egypt; seen as gods |
| Sumerian religion's view of afterlife | a grim [unhappy] place no one could escape |
| Egyptian view of afterlife | a happy place like earth for good people |
| social class included most Egyptians | peasant farmers |
| Hittites | iron workers |
| Hammurabi | King of babylon who collected [NOT wrote] many laws into a code [Code of Hammurabi] |
| Code of Hammurabi | Laws collected by the king of babylon |
| Darius | Persian king improved trade by setting up common weights & measurements |
| David | Hebrew King who united the tribes into a single nation |
| Moses | Led the Hebrews out of Israel; received the 10 Commandments from God |
| Solomon | David's son; built temple at jerusalem; heavy taxes split nation after his death |
| Deborah | Hebrew woman; great judge |
| Hebrew view of God | One all powerful, all knowing, all present with whom they had a covenant |
| Hebrew leaders | were like everyone else, expected to obey God & be good role models |
| Evidence of Egyptian afterlife | Built & furnished tombs, mummificatuion, Book of the dead |
| Mummification | Egyptian method of preserving dead bodies for the afterlife |
| Rosetta Stone | helped scholars decode ancient hieroglyphics |
| Cultural diffusion | the spreading of culture & ideas from one area to another |
| nomads | wanderers from one place to another for food & water for their herds |
| Tigris & Euphrates | two rivers that contain the Fertile Crescent [Mesopotamia] |
| Fertile Crescent | fertile land between Tigris-Euphrates Rivers; crossroads of Middle East |
| ziggurats | temples to ancient Sumerian gods |
| barter economies | trade in goods & services without money |
| Assyrians | feared conquerors; planned cities & built libraries |
| Nebuchdnezzar | King of Babylon, built the Hanging gardens |
| Phoenicians | expert sailors; created our 22 letter alphabet |
| Abraham | first Hebrew; made covenant with God |
| Chosen People | In God's covenant, He promised to protect & care for the Hebrew people |
