| A | B |
|---|
| Phonology | study of sounds of a language its rules, speech, and sounds |
| Phoneme | smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning |
| Morphology | the study of words and their internal organization |
| Orthography | the study of sound and spelling(letter=sound) |
| Morpheme | the smallest grammatical unit(dog) |
| Bound Morpheme | must be attached to a root word to have meaning. Suffixes & prefixes. |
| Free Morpheme | base in root words that can stand alone. |
| Syntax | grammar-governs the form or structure of a language, what word combinations are acceptable. |
| Pragmatics | the way language is used to communicate.how,why,when,where, social register appropriate |
| Linguistics | the study of language |
| Phonetics | the study of sounds across all languages |
| Minimal pairs | a pair of words that differ by only one phoneme(dog/bog)listening part of test |
| Phones | the group of sounds that make up a phoneme |
| Inflectional Morphemes | affixes that can be added to a morpheme without changing its part of speech(suffixes) |
| Derivational morphemes | affixes that can be added to a morpheme to change its meaning and may change its part of speech |
| voiceless stops | p,t,k (no vibration) |
| voiced stops | b,d,g (cut off air, larynx vibrates |
| Diagraph | two letter spelling for 1 phoneme |
| Consonant Diagraph | two consonants pronounced as a single sound(ch,sh,th,wh) |
| Consonant Cluster | a group of two or more consonants together(st,pl,caught |
| Rounded vowels | refers to rounding of the lips to form sound(/u/food;/v/out/o/boat |
| High Vowels | vowels that are articulated with the jaw relatively high(mouth nearly closed)e,i |
| Mid vowels | vowels that are articulated with the jaw approx. in the middle of its range of vertical motion(a,e) |
| Low vowels | vowels that are articulated with the jaw relatively low(mouth fully or almost open) |
| Stops | completely blocking the air and releasing it bilabials-stopped at lips |
| Fricatives | constant flow of air through the vowel tract./f/&/v/ |
| Affricatives | produced by briefly stopping air and then releasing it with some friction(church) |
| Nasals | sound comes through the nose /m/ |
| Liquids | make a smooth sound /l/ /r/ |
| Blends (sl,tr) | two letters that are pronounced together with each letter retaining its pronunciation |
| Over Generalization | applying a rule of syntax to all situations"goed" "comed"vs. went and came |
| Fossilization | the point past which language learners can not progress without exceptional effort |
| Semantics | the study of word meanings,idioms, and non-literal expressions |
| Rising Intonation | usually used at the end of questions |
| Homophones | two word with the same pronunciation(here,hear) |
| Allophones | all the phones that make up one phoneme(dialect) |
| Number Agreement | using singular/plural form of nouns correctly |
| Register | the type of language in a particular context(casual,professions |
| Idiom | a phrase that makes no sense taken literally. It is raining cats and dogs. |
| Code switching | alternating between 2 or more languages(Spanglish) |
| Negative Transfer | applying rules of syntax from first language to second language(I saw the car blue. Spanish adjectives follow nouns) |
| Silent Period | understanding language before being able to produce. The first state of language acquisition |
| Learning/Acquisition Hypothesis | learning is a conscious process;acquisition is a subconscious process. "Learned" lang is quickly forgotten |
| Natural Order Hypothesis | features of speech appear in a predictable order. order is determined by the language acquired, not the first language. |
| Monitor Hypothesis | rules are used to double-check,focus on how something is said"middle of the road" is best. |
| Input Hypothesis | input should be slightly beyond students current level |
| Affective Filter Hypothesis | nervousness, boredom, and anxiety have a negative affect on comprehension |
