| A | B |
|---|
| Cummins | 5-7 years to learn academic English |
| Chomsky | universal grammar. Humans born with innate knowledge of things common to all languages |
| Skinner | Behaviorism approach to learning language. Lang process of stimulus and response, what is reinforced is repeated |
| Schumann's | Theory of second language acquisition, social factors motivation, attitude, and culture shock affect the rate of second language acquisition |
| Vgotsky | developed ZPD theory. Must work at appropriate level(i+l) |
| Interlanguage | an emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of a second language |
| Word recognition view | goal is to identify words to get to the meaning of text. |
| Sociopsycolinguistic view | use background and cues from three language systems, word parts are studied |
| bilabial | lips |
| glottal | voice throat |
| abicdentual | lips & teeth |
| active voice | the subject performs action. John carried the papers to the desk. the thing described by a predicate adjective, John is a thoughtful boy. |
| Passive voice | the action is performed by an unknown agent. the papers were carried to the desk. |
| Base, Comparative, Superlative | high,higher,highest |
| Personal Pronouns | takes the place of a name of a person, place, or thing |
| 1st person pronoun | I,me,my,mine |
| 2nd person pronoun | you,your,yours |
| 3rd person pronoun | he,him,his,she,hers,they,them,theirs,we,us,ours,it,its,who,whom |
| Relative pronoun | used to relate to another noun in the sentence, The chef who won the prize studied in paris.Who,whom,whoever,whomever,that,which |
| Indefinite pronoun | refer to an unknown person, place, or thing. another,anyone,anything,each,neither,nobody,someone,something,both |
| Demonstrative pronoun | stand in place for a person,thing must be pointed to. That car is the one I want. this,that,these,those |
| Interrogative pronouns | used to ask questions. Who,whom,which,what,whose |
| Reflexive pronouns | refer back to the person to whom the pronoun refers. |
| Modal Verbs | special verbs which behave differently than normal verbs. |
| Common Modal Verbs | can,could,may,might,must,ought to,shall,should,will,would |
| Ethnocentrism | evaluate other groups according to the values of one's one ethnic group. one's own group is superior to other groups |
| Enculturation | the process of learning one's culture |
| Culture | a shared, learned, system of values, beliefs, and attitudes |
| Melting Pot Theory | when people from other cultures assimilate to the point where their original identities and culture disappear |
| Multiculturalism | cultures mix together in a culture of respect for diversity. |
| Equity pedagogy | fair and equal opportunities |
| Multicultural competence | learning to navigate diversity issues |
| Socialization process | the more control exercised over young children, the more field dependent they become |
| Sociocultural tightness | the more established social structures exert pressure to conform, the more field dependent its people |
| Ecological Adaptation | if survival depends upon accurate observations of environment, the more highly developed students' perceptual skills. |
| Biological factor | children lacking protein or other nutrients may be more field dependent |
| Language | the degree to which a society is literate influences if students learn thru languageor thru direct experience |
| Individual racism | belief that one's own race is superior to another |
| Institutional racism | consists of established laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce inequalities |
| Cultural racism | includes both individual and institutional racism. subtle & pervasive use of power |
| Castaneda vs. Pickard | segregation of ELL's only permissible when the benefits of remedying language barriers outweigh adverse affects of segregation |
| United States code 1703 | no state shall deny educational opportunity of race,color,or orgin |
| Title VI-Civil Rights Act,1964 | no person of race, color, or orgin shall be excluded from participation nor denied benefits |
| Title VI | prohibits denial of equal accessof limited English proficiency. |
| Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 | requires schools to design language programs to eliminate language barriers in schools. |
| Plyer vs. Doe | 14th Amendmnet prohibits states from denying a free public education to undocumented children |
| Title 111 | requires ELL's to receive equal numbers of textbooks and other resources as their English speaking peers |
| NCLB | requires annual assessment of ELL's in reading and math, progress in English and increases accountability for LEP student's progress |
| Cummins | BICS & CALP |
| Krashen | comprehensible input(i+l) |
| Behaviorism | learning is a process of stimulus and response. What is reinforced is repeated. |
| Constructivism | students create their knowledge through real-life experiences |
