| A | B |
|---|
| What is salinty? | the total quantity or concentration of dissolved solids |
| What 3 things does salinty depend upon? | evaporation, precipitation, fresh water run-off from land |
| Dissolved solids in seawater are salts separated into ions: | Sodium & Chloride (most) sulfate...magnesium...potassium...calcium |
| properties of seawater are affected by: | salinity |
| less heat is needed to raise the temp. of: | saltwater |
| as salinity increases, | the freezing point becomes lower (freezes at 28.6F) |
| what type of water evaporates the slowest? | seawater |
| salt ions come from 2 places: | weathering of rocks on land & outgassing at underwater volcanoes and hydrothermal vents |
| gases dissolve easier in | cold water |
| PRINCIPAL OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS | the ratio of major salts is constant |
| ________accounts for 48% of dissolved gas in seawater | Nitrogen |
| ________accounts for 36% of dissolved gas in seawater | Oxygen |
| How is oxyen obtained underwater? | from atmosphere and from photosynthesis by drifting plants |
| Carbon Dioxide accounts for ____ . _____ _____ Co2 is dissolved in ocean than in the atmosphere | 15%, a lot more |
| What does the density of water depend on? | temperature and salinty |
| seawater's density is ____ more than pure water. | 2-3% |
| Seawater density increases with: | increasing salinity, increasing pressure, decreasing temperature |
| ocean water forms layers with _________________ | heaviest water on the bottom |
| layering is called ___________ ________ | density stratification |
| where is the lightest density water found? | river mouths..warm and freshwater so it floats above cooler salty layers beneath |
| What are the 3 density zones in the ocean? | surface zone, thermocline, deep zone |
| Surface zone is the ______layer...temp. and salinty are _______ | upper, constant w/ depth usuallt to 500ft. |
| Thermocline is the _________ layer..temp changes ______ w/ depth.. | middle, rapidly, |
| What type of water doesn't have a thermocline? | polar |
| How deep does the thermocline usually extend? | 4,000 ft. |
| Deep zone water is _____________ | very cold |
| In what zone is the most ocean water found? | deep zone |
| what is the photic zone? | area of lighted water near the surface of the ocean |
| what depths does the photic zone usually extend? | 300-600 ft. |
| where does the production of food by photosynthetic plants occur? | thin photic zone |
| Where is most ocean light found? | photic zone |
| What is the aphotic zone? | the dark area below the photic zone |
| Does sound or light travel fastest underwater? | sound |
| sound in seawater is __________ than in air | 5X faster |
| where does sound travel fastest? | warm surface water |
| what does sonar stand for? | sound navigation and ranging |
| What does the coriolis effect do? | it causes air to be deflected |
| What creates Global Wind Patterns? | convection cells and the Coriolis effect |
| What are the 2 areas with little surface wind? | doldrums and the horse latitiudes |
| Where are the doldrums? | they are at the equator where the air is rising |
| Where are the horse latitudes? | 30 degrees norrth and south where the air is falling |
| Where do trade winds blow? | from 30 degrees N and S towards the equator |
| Where do the westerlies blow from? | 30 degrees N & S to 60 degrees N & S |
| What are the 4 major currents ? | Gulf Stream, North Equatorial Current, North Atlantic Current, Canary Current |
| What way so the current s move in the N hemis? | clockwise |
| What way so the current s move in the S hemis? | counter clockwise |
| What are the 3 types of surface currents? | Western boundary currents, eastern boundary currents, transverse currents |
| What are Western boundary currents? | they run along the W. coast of ocean basin...carry warm water towards poles...narrow, fast, & deep |
| What are eastern boundary currents? | they run along E. edge of ocean basin...carry cold water to equator..wide, slow, shallow...ex: California Current |
| What are transverse currents? | cut across ocean basins..link other 2 currents |
