| A | B |
|---|
| characteristics of geography as a science | study of earth lands, features, inhabitants, phenomena, |
| four major divisions of earth's environmental system | atmosphere(weather and climate), hydrosphere (water), geosphere/lithosphere (solid earth), biosphere (life forms) |
| characteristics of the geographic grid of latitude and longitude | lat=parallels, 360 deg. max at 90 N and S, equator is 0. long=meridian 0 deg and int date line 180 deg, 180 deg pole to pole. |
| types of information presented on US geology survey topographic maps | title, date, legend, scale, direction, location, data, source, projection type, isolines, landforms, hydrology, vegetation, culture relief, shape, hydrography, vegetation patterns, |
| colors and symbols used to represent particular types of features on USGS topographic maps | latitude, longitude, landforms-brown, hydrography-blue, vegetation-green, boundaries-black/red, transportation-black/red/grey, structures-black, open areas green/symbols, urbanization-red/light gray, photorevisions-purple |
| characteristics of relative and absolute location | relative=local reference, absolute=geoid/lat/long reference |
| general distribution of earth's water | 97 percent in oceans, 1.7 in ice glaciers, 1.7 in groundwater, .001 in atmosphere, .0001 in biological matter |
| properties and physical behavior of water | solid, liquid, and gas. it becomes less dense as a solid |
| functions and characteristics of the hydrologic cycle | evaporation from the ocean goes into the air creating condensation, moist air, and clouds, then it rains into the mountains where it is infiltrated into the groundwater and runoff and transpires and evaporates back into the clouds once again |
| characteristics of surface water systems | the source of groundwater (recharge) is through precipitation or surface water that percolates downward |
| characteristics of groundwater interactions with streams | agriculture, industruialization, information |
| characteristics of groundwater reservoirs | ? |
| characteristics of water pollution | it can cause: cancer, dysentery, birth defect, and liver damage. its caused by: bacteria and viruses, radioactive materials, pesticides and herbicides, fertilizers, car liquids, mining pollutants, industrial chemicals, waste from leaking landfills, phosphates |
| parallel | a line parallel to the equator that designates an angle of latitude. a line connecting all points of the sam e latitudinal angle is called a parallel |
| lithosphere | earth's crust and that portion of the uppermost mantle directly below the crust, extending down to about 7-0km(45 mi). some sources use this term to refer to the entire earth |
| catchment | something that catches water, the amount of water caught, catching water |
| divide | hydrologic divide is a line across Cedar Key on the Atlantic that neither surface nor ground water crosses |
| capillarity | capillary water: soil moisture, most of which is accessible to plant roots; held in the soil by the water's surface tension and cohesive forces between water and soil |
| aquiclude | a body of rock that does not conduct groundwater in useable amounts; an impermeable rock layer, related to an aquitard that slows but does not block water flow |
| zone of aeration | a zone above the water table that has air in its pore spaces and may or may not have water |
| runoff | streamflow rate, presented as the average depth of water flowing from the catchment area of the river basin. Typically runoff from a river basin is presented in units of millimeters per day or millimeteres per year, enabling comparison with average rainfall over the river basin |
| porosity | the total volume of available pore space in soil; a result of the texture and structure of the soil |
| scale | the ratio of the distance on a map to that in the real world; expressed as a representative fraction, graphic scale, or written scale |
| hydrosphere | an abiotic open system that includes all of earth's water |
| watershed | refers to an area specifically and area in which all surface waters flow to a common point |
| bedload | coarse materials that are dragged along the bed of a stream by traction or by the rolling and bouncing motion of saltation; involves particles too large to remain in suspension |
| evapotranspiration | the merging of evaporation and transpiration water loss into one term |
| water table | the upper surface of groundwater; that contact point between the zone of saturation and aeration in an unconfined aquifer |
| influent stream | loose water to the earth as they flow toward their desination |
| interception | delays the fall of precipitation toward Earth's surface; caused by vegetation or other ground cover |
| recharge | process by which ground water is replenished |
| meridian | a line designating an angle of longitude. longitude is the angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian from a point at the center of earth. a line connecting all points of the same longitude is called a meridian |
| latitude | the angular distance measured north or south of the equator from a point at the center of earth. a line connecting all points of the same latitudeinal angle is called a parallel |
| drainage basin | the basic spatial geomorphic unit of a river system; distinguished from a neighboring basin by ridges and highlands that form divides, marking the limits of the catchment area of the drainage basin |
| suspended load | fine particles held in suspension in a stream. the finest particles are not deposited until the stream velocity nears zero |
| consumptive use | the total amount of water needed to grow a crop(sum of the water used in ET plus the water stored in the plant's tissues) |
| groundwater | water beneath the surface that is beyond the soil root zone; a major source of potable water |
| effluent stream | stream s that get their water from the groundwater |
| permeability | the ability of water to flow through soil or rock; a function of the texture and structure of the medium |
| representative fraction | the numerical scale of a map indicates the relationship of the distance measured on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground. This scale is usually written as a fraction and is called the representative fraction. It is always written with the map distance as 1 and is independent of any unit of measure. |
| township | 36 square miles, 36 sections-1 square mile per each, subdivisions, legal property descriptions, |
| interfluve | the region of higher land between two rivers that are in the same drainage system |
| discharge | the volume of water transported by it in a certain amount of time |
| aquifer | a body a rock that conducts groundwater in useable amounts; a permeable layer of rock |
| zone of saturation | a groundwater zone below the water table in which all pore spaces are filled with water |
| detention | these basins are structures built upstream from populated areas to prevent runoff and/or debris flows from cuasing property damage and loss of life. normally dry, but are designed to attenuate storm flows or detain mud/debris during and immediatly after a runoff event. have no spillway gates or valves and no not store water on a long term basis. |
| infiltration | water access to subsurface regions of soil moisture storage through penetration of the soil surfaces |
| hydrogen bond | a weak bond between two atoms (one of which is hydrogen) with a partial but opposite electrical charges |
