| A | B |
|---|
| monopoly | sole control |
| astrolabe | ancient invention to chart position of the stars |
| caravel | small fast ship |
| Henry the Navigator | founded a school to teach sailors |
| Christopher Columbus | first European to reach America |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | Monarchs of Spain |
| strait | narrow sea passage |
| circumnavigate | sail around the Earth |
| Columbian Exchange | transfer of plants animals and disease between new and old worlds |
| Ferdinand Magellan | crew were first to circumnavigate the world |
| conquistadores | Spanish soldiers |
| encomienda system | gave rewards to Spaniards who settled in New World |
| sea dogs | English sailors who fought for the Queen |
| inflation | increase in prices |
| charter | written permission to colonize |
| Martin Luther | led religious movement called the Reformation |
| Protestant reformation | splitting away from the Catholic Church |
| Spanish Armada | huge Spanish fleet thought to be invincible |
| Northwest passage | would allow people to sail from Atlantic to Pacific |
| Elizabeth I | Queen of England who defeated the Spanish |
