| A | B |
|---|
| Feudal State | Similar people with similar customs and beliefs, protected by local lords, who were responsible to a king. |
| Dynastic State | Different peoples with different customs and languages held together by a king or family of kings using common laws and central government. |
| Angles, Saxons and Jutes | Three Germanic tribes that migrated to Britain in the late 300s. |
| shire | The original term for what is usually known as a county. |
| Thegns | A nobleman in Anglo-Saxon England. |
| Earl | Anglo-Saxon term for a large landowner, from the Scandinavian word for "chief.' |
| Witan | Common name for the Witenagemot (council of wise men) which met to advise the king in Anglo-Saxon England. |
| Alfred the Great | Anglo-Saxon king (871 - 899) who defeated the Viking invaders, unified the kingdom and Began development of laws that applied to all. |
| Shire Reeve | A sheriff or officer of the king in a shire. |
| Canute the Great | Danish king who conquered England in 1016 and united the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings. |
| Edward the Confessor | Anglo-Saxon king (1042 - 1066) who favored the Normans, but died without an heir.,  |
| Harold King of Norway | Great warrior and a cousin of Edward the Confessor. |
| Harold Godwinson | Anglo-Saxon Earl, brother-in-law of Edward the Confessor, the last Anglo-Saxon king. |
| William of Normandy | Cousin of Edward the Confessor who became the first Norman king of England. |
| Battle of Stamford Bridge | Battle in northern England where Harold Godwinson defeated and killed Harold of Norway. |
| Battle of Hastings | Battle in southern England in which William of Cormandy defeated and killed Harold Godwinson (October 14, 1066).,  |
| Salisbury Oath | In August 1086 William I summoned ‘landowning men of any account’ to attend at Salisbury and swear allegiance to him and to be faithful against all other men. |
| Curia Regis | King’s Council of William I & |
| Doomesday Book | The record of the great survey of England completed in 1086. |
| Henry I | King of England (1100-1135), he Justices which represented the Curia Regis and the Exchequer to receive taxes from sheriffs.,  |
| Henry II | King of England (1154 - 1189), he created the traveling justices on regular circuits who developed the "common law." |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | By her marriage to Henry II he inherited a claim to a large territory in western France.,  |
| Common Law | A unified body of English law based on precedent or previous court decisions. |
| Thomas Becket | Archbishop of Canterbury who bacame a martyr by challenging Henry's attempt to force the Church to obey common law. |
| John I | King of England (1199 - 1216), his misrule and excommunication caused the barons to rebel in 1215. |
| Magna Carta | The Great Charter (1215), by which John agreed that the king was under the law, no taxation without the consent of the nobles and the burgesses and that there could be no imprisonment without trials. |
| Henry III | King of England (1216 - 1272) by the Provisions of Oxford he agreed that the Curia Regis must meet three times each year and that the king must have the consent of the council to act. |
| Edward I | King of England (1272 - 1307), he called the Model Parliament to meet in 1295 to raise taxes for wars in Wales, Scotland and France.,  |
| House of Lords | House of Parliament that represented the nobles and bishops. |
| House of Commons | House of Parliament that represented the knights and burgesses. |
| Louis the Sluggard | The last Carolingian king of France. |
| Hugh Capet | First Capetian king of France (987 - 996), elected because the nobles thought him too weak to interfere with their local power. |
| Capetian Dynasty | Fourteen kings who ruled France for350 years and spread their power out from Paris. |
| Philip II "Augustus" | King of France (1180 - 1223), he weakened the kings of England by seizing Normands and tripling the lands under his direct control. |
| baliffs & seneschals | Royal officials sent to every district in the kingdom to preside over the king's courts and to collect the king's taxes. |
| Louis IX | King of France (1226 - 1270), he created a French appeals court and sent provosts into French towns to make the bourgeoisie obey his ordinances (orders). |
| Philip IV | King of France (1285 - 1314), to win support in his dispute with the Pope he called the first meeting of the Estates General in 1302. |
| Third Estate | The French bourgeoisie (middle class). |
| Limited Monarchy | The philosophy that the king was not free to do whatever he wished and must obey the law. |
| Absolute Monarchy | The philosophy that the king was free to do whatever he wished because he was above the law. |
