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| Welfare Capitalism | Welfare capitalism is the improvement of industrial sanitation and safety. It also added pension plans and paid vacations to workers. Welfare capitalism was popular around the 1920s and was used to create loyalty to a company and discourage traditional labor unions. This was important to companies to prevent strikes and chaos. |
| Hoovervilles | Hoovervilles were small shack homes and towns that were built all across America by those that became homeless during the great depression. They were called Hoovervilles because President Hoover was to blame for the depression. |
| Bonus Army | Veterans of WWI that were given certificates from serving in the war, but during the great depression, the veterans demanded immediate cash payment redemption. There were about 43,000 marchers in the Army that protested in 1932 in Washington D.C. This was stopped by the US army and the veterans were offered jobs in the Florida Keys to build highways. President Roosevelt vetoed their request to receive their money early, but in 1936 congress overrode his veto. |
| New Deal | Roosevelt's economic program that took place from 1933-1935. There were three goals in this plan, Relief, Recovory, and Reform. Relief was to the unemployeed and farmers, recovery to the ecomony, and reform of business and financial practices. This plan used banking reform, work relief programs, agricultural programs, and industrial reform. With the New Deal, Roosevelt also ended the gold standard. The main program that brought industrial reform was the National Recorvery Adminstration. Other things that were apart of the New Deal was Works Progress Administration relief programs and the Social Security Act. One of the last programs started was the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 which set maximum hours and minimum wages for workers. There were many other relief programs started by the New Deal like the following: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Federal Crop Insurance Corporation, Federal Housing Administration, Tenessee Valley Authority, Securities and Exchange Comission, and Fannie Mae |
| NRA | The National Recovery Administration, it was one of the 1st major programs presented by Roosevelt in his New Deal. This program allowed industries to create "codes of fair competition" which set minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. This also allowed industries to collectively set price floors in which the price of an item could not be lower than the floor price. This program was a voluntary act, but those businesses that did not support the NRA were boycotted and suffered. In 1935, this program was ruled unconstituational, but the labor provisions were pass later in 1935. |
| TVA | Tennessee Valley Authority was a program started by the new deal. This program provided navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and and ecomonic development in the Tennessee Valley. The reason this program was in the Tenessee Valley was because it was a reason hit in large by the great depression, but includes many other states in the Southern part of America. This program used federal experts and electricity to rapidly modernize the region's economy and society. |
| Social Security Act | Was apart of Roosevelt's New Deal and aimed to help those of old age, in poverty, unemployeed, as well as widows and fatherless children. This program is to help encourage the elderly to retire so that more jobs can be opened up or created for younger generations. This program is still imporant to this day as we continue to pay FICA taxes on our payroll. |
| Bataan Death March | Took place in the Philippines in 1942 and was a forced 51 mile march of American and Filipino prisoners of war captured by the Japanese. The march was from Bataan to prison camps and had much physical abuse as well as murder. The japanese killed and brutal tourched the prisons, many of them starved, was behead, and many other horrible things done. |
| Doolittle Raid | The first air raid in the United States, and it's goal was to strike Japan during WWII after the Pearl Harbor attack. This raid was planned by Jimmy Doolittle and the raid was intended to cause the Japanese to doubt their leadership and to raise American morale. In the raid 16 B-25B Mitchell bombers were launched to attack Honshu, Japan. This attack did in fact increase the American public morale during this war. |
| Battle of the Bulge | The German's offensive launch toward the end of WWII. They attacked the forested region of France. Germany's goal for this operation wasa to split the British and American Allied line in half to capture Antwerp, Belgium. Once this was done they would proceed to encirle and destory four Allied armies so that a peace treaty could be negotiated between the Allies and the Axis powers, in the Axis' favor. The Germans did catch the Allies by supprise, but their goal for the treaty of peace in their favor did not. The germans did succeed in bringing about the bloodiest battle that American forces experienced during this war. |
| Midway | Known to the Japanese as "Island X." Japanese tried to attack this island to increase their empire. This was the island that created the turning point of the war, where the Americans started to win and the Japanese knew they were going to loose. |
| Okinawa | Smaller islands off the main Island of Japan, it is a chain of 1000 km long. Here is where the Battle of Okinawa took place during WWII and then went under the United States administration for 27 years after the war was over. This was an important island because it was taken back from Japan by the Allies. |
| Iwo Jima | The United States fought for this island from Japan during the near end of WWII. The battle was fierce and occurred just before the Battle of Okinawa. The lessons learned from this battle did not have an affect on the following battles. It also could have been a prevented battle because it only had marginal impact on Japan. |
| Strategic Bombing | The goal of this tactic was to take out the enemy without having to bring troops in on land by taking out the enemies factories, railroads, oil industries, and other war related resources. Although the goal and idea was good, in practice, the target was seldemly hit and made the enemy enraged because innocent civillians were bombed in the process. |
| Hiroshima | This was the 1st city that America attacked with an atomic bombing because the Japanese would not surrender according to the Potsdam conference. Hiroshima was the choosen city because it was a large city of industrial and military power and a center of communication for the Japanese. |
| Comfort Woman | These were female war prisoners of the Japanese that were forced into prostitution as a form of sexual slavery. These women were forced to serve 20 men a day. There were about 200,000 women from Korea, China, Japan, as well as other countries Japan invaded. The reason comfort women were started was to reduce the stress and tension among the Japanese soliders. |
| Final Solution | Nazi Germany's plan to execute the genocide of the jews during WWII. This was the mass killing to eradicate the entire Jewish population. According to Nazi German, the Jews were the reason and cause of the world war and should pay with their lives, therefore all Jews should died. This created concentration camps and tortcher for the Jewish nation. |
| D-Day | June 6, 1944. US, Britian and Canada set out to attack on Normandy, France. There were two phases of this attack, air assult landing of the troops which occurred shortly after midnight and amphiious landing of Allied infantry on the coast of France. The landings took place along a 50 mile stretch of Normandy in five sectors, Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword. This was the day soldiers began their march across Europe to defeat Hitler to end the war with Europe. |
| Joseph Stalin | The General Secretary of the Communist Pary of the Soviet Union's Central Committee. He started many different programs and plans in Russia to aid the communist party. The first thing he implemented was the Five-Year Plans in which he also started industrialization and economic collectiveization. In doing things, Stalin created a famine. He also started the Great Purge which allowed him to execute people against the communist party. During WWII, Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany. Germany then violated this pact and therefore USSR became apart of the Allies. When the war was soon ended Stalin believed England and US were going against him and would attack his people next, thus the begining of the Cold War was created under Stalin's power. |
| Chiang Kai-shek | Leader of the National China (Non-Communist), and the leader the Western world recognized. He lead the Northern Expedition to unify the country which is how he became their overall leader. After WWII ended with Japan, Chiang attempted to eliminate Chinese Communists, but his attempt failed. He and his people went to Taiwan. There continued to be a fight against the communists even after his death. |
| Mao Zedong | The Communist leader of China, he lead communist china in the Chinese Civil war. He created many programs like the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, but some say these programs have caused damange to China. Mao was a very important political leader of China as well as very controversial. His death toll was over 10 million people and yet others say he was a savior to the nation. |
| Hirohito | The Emperor of Japan and was the reason for Japan's refusal to surrender. He wanted to gain a larger Empire and become a more powerful and recongnized nation. |
| Winston Churchill | Leader of Great Britian. He noticed that Germany was trying to gain power before the outbreak of war and tried to warn other nations, but depression surrounded all nations and no one was ready to hear the start of WWII. Churchill helped fight in WWII and signed the NATO agreement. He also warned America about Stalin, but like the begining of WWII, no one was ready to hear about the start of another war. Churchill was a very great leader and cared for his nation as well as the support of the Allies |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist Ieader of Italy, he was one of the main leaders of the Axis powers. He took Italy into WWII in 1940. Three years into the war, Mussolini was captured and hung upside down. He was an important part of Germany's help in the beginning of WWII |
| Franklin Roosevelt | 32nd President and the only president to be elected into 4 terms. Roosevelt called for the New Deal to help America during the Great Depression. He pronouced war on Japan after Pearl Harbor. During this time he also signed the 9066 executve order for the internment of American-Japaneses. He was a very important president that brought America throught the Great Depression and WWII. He died just after the Yalt Conference in his 4th term and Truman succeeded him. |
| Harry Truman | The 33rd President and succeeded Roosevelt. Truman was apart of the Potsdam Conference which set an ultimatium for Japan to surrender, Japan did not surrender and Truman allowed the first atomic bomb to be dropped on Hiroshima and the second to be dropped three days later on Nagasaki. At this point Truman stopped more A-bombs from being dropped and allowed Japan to surrender. After the war, Truman set up the Truman Doctrine and The Marshall Plan which formalised a policy of containment and helped the economic rebuild of Europe. Truman also aided the troops and people of East Berlin in the Berlin Airlift. In his offical term, when he ran on his own, he was a very strong supporter of NATO and the Republic of China. He also took part in the Korean war, the start of the Cold War. |
| Sunbelt | The sunbelt is the southern region of American where industries started to emerge to help support WWII. The major industries that were started within the sunbelt are aerospace, defense systems, and oil refineries. This was important during war time to spread out the areas of industry and the people in America |
| Executive Order 9066 | The executive order to send Japanese Americans to internment camps during WWII. This was called for because America thought there was spies amoung the Japanese. This order made the Japanese suffer during the war and after the war because they left their homes and businesses before the war, and then after the war, they had to start all over again with $25. In the late 1980s it was declared that this was a mistake and the Japanese affected would be paid out over an eight year span. |
| Rosie the Riveter | Encouraged women to enter the work force. Although there were not very many female riveters, there were some and it was one of the highest paying jobs. Rosie was the driving campain to encourage women to help the war by working. It also represented the fact that women were getting higher wages than in the past. |
| Yalta Conference | Was a postwar conference between Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Josef Stalin to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of Europe. Each leadered had a point for this conference, Roosevelt asked Soviet support in the war against Japan, Churchill wanted to establish free elections and deomcratic governments in Eastern and Central Europe, and Stalin wanted to ensure a Soviet sphere of political influense in Eastern and Central Europe. Stalin agreed to enter the war three months after the war with Germany ended. Stalin ended up violating the commitments made during this conference and added another motivation towards the Cold War. |
| Potsdam Conference | The conference between Truman, Stalin, and Churchill. This is the meeting that decided an ultimatium for Japan to surrender and also decided how to punish Germany. Japan did not surrender to the terms of the Potsdam Conference and Germany was spilt into three sections and Berlin was also split, the sections were split between Britian, United States and Soviets. |
| Berlin Airlift | Stalin blocked all highways and ground entrances to East Berlin and stated that it was for construction reasons. He then told the Allies to get their troops out and blocked Eastern Berlin. To help the people, NATO airlifted about 13,000 tons of food and supplies to Eastern Berlin. The airlifts were the only source of help, food and supplies the people could get ahold of. |
| Long Telegram | Written by George Kennan, this telegram gave background and stated how the United States should react to the Soviets. This 8,000 word telegram was the bases for the Truman Doctrine. This telegram informed U.S. that the Soviets did not consider Allies as "friends". This telegram also exposed the Soviet's weaknesses, internal instability. Kennan wanted to make America and the other nations to have a positive picture and have public education. |
| Marshall Plan | Was Truman's European Recovery Program where the United States helped build a stronger foundation in the European nations. This plan allowed $12 billion in credit and loans to all nations of Europe, but Stalin did not accept it and he also did not allow the rest of East Europe to accept the help. In a way, Stalin viewed the Marshall Plan as another reason to support the Cold War. |
| Truman Doctrine | This doctrine was based on George Kennan's "Long Telegram." This was the harsh act of containment policy and it set America's stand on the worldwide fight against communism. During the speech for the Truman Doctrine, Truman states that America must support capitalism and prevent the spread of communism in nations like Greece and Turkey |
