| A | B |
|---|
| These are liscenses to make, use, or sell an invention | patent |
| What were some of the problems with the first railroads? | brakes didn't always work, were loud and noisy, started fires, had different gauges, each town had its own time |
| This is a railroad that went from coast to coast. | transcontinental railroad |
| Where did the transcontinental railroad meet? | Promontory Point, Utah |
| who invented more effective air brakes? | George Westinghouse |
| Who perfected the telegraph? | Samuel Morse |
| Who invented the telephone or the "talking telegraph"? | Alexander Graham Bell |
| What company did Alexander Graham Bell start? | American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT & T) |
| Where was Thomas Edison's factory? | Menlow Park, New Jersey |
| Who developed a transformer to boost power over long distances? | George Westinghouse |
| What was the Bessemer Process? | it was a way of taking impurities out of steel. |
| These are business leaders who make a fortune by stealing from the public and persuaded public officials to interpret laws in their favor. | Robber Barons |
| These business people increased the supply of goods by building factories, raising productivity, and expanding markets. They created jobs and founded and funded museums, libraries, and universities. | captians of industry |
| Who was the famous captain of industry in the steel industry? | Andrew Carnegie |
| He created a theory that all animal life had evolved by the process of natural selection through which only the fittest survived. | Charles Darwin |
| What is social Darwinism? | It said that government should stay out of business affairs and those who were the most fit would benefit from success and would would out the unfit. |
| What is a monopoly? | complete control of a product or service |
| A loose association of businesses that make the same product is called a _______. They often agree to limit supply and keep prices high. | cartel |
| Who became rich in the oil industry? | John D. Rockefeller |
| What was the name of John D. Rockefeller's oil company? | Standard Oil Company of Ohio |
| In order to avoid a monopoly, which was illegal, how did Rockefeller control the oil industry? | he set up trusts |
| What were trusts? | Instead of buying out his competitors, Rockefeller had them give their assests to a board of trustees and they were promised a share of the profits from the board. Since the companies didn't actually merge, no laws were broken. |
| What act was passed to do away with trusts? | The Sherman Anti-Trust Act |
| Was the following method of industrial control horizontal or vertical consolidation and who used it: involves bringing together many firms that were in the same business. | Horizontal Consolidation- used by Rockefeller |
| Was the following method of industrial control vertical or horizontal consolidation and who used it- Gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of a product's development. | Vertical- Carnegie |
| Carnegie used "economies of scale" What does this term mean? | As production increases, the cost of each item produced is lower. As steel expanded, its cost per item went down. |
| This occurs when investors fear that a business may not be able to repay its loan and investors rush to sell stock, stock prices fall, and companies go bankrupt. | panic |
| This allowed employers to enter contracts with immigrants. Often the employer would pay their passage and in return immigrants had to work for a certain amount of time. | Contract Labor Act |
| What is piecework? | When people are paid for what they produce, not the time put in. |
| Who developed time studies to try and make manufacturing more efficient? | Winslow Taylor |
| He explained the impact of children working in factories in his book "Children of the Poor" | Jacob Riis |
| This is an economic and political philosophy that favors public or social control of property and income, not private control. The wealth is then distributed to everyone. | Socialism |
| Who wrote "The Communist Manifesto"? | Karl Marx and Frederick Engels |
| The first unions were ______ unions and were organized for workers in specific trades. | trade |
| This union wanted to unte all working men and women, skilled and unskilled. | The Knights of Labor |
| Who led the Knights of Labor? | Terence Powderly |
| This union sought to organize only skilled workers in a network of smaller unions, each devoted to a specific craft. | The American Federation of Labor |
| Who headed the AFL? | Samuel Gompers |
| The AFL tried to force employers to participate in collective bargaining. What is collective bargaining? | A process in which workers negotiate as a group with employers. |
| This union opposed the AFL and focused on the unskilled workers. | The Wobblies |
| When employers had new employees sign contracts that said they would not join the union, these were called ____________ contracts. | yellow-dog |
| Who was the first President to send in the militia to put down a strike? | Rutherford B. Hayes |
| The first strike that Rutherford B. Hayes sent in the militia was in the _____________ industry. | Railroad |
| Radicals who violently oppose all government are called ________. | anarchists |
| This riot broke out when police broke up a figh between strikers and scabs at Chicago's McCormick Reaper plant. | Haymarket Riot, 1886 |
| workers called in by an employer to replace striking laborers are called _______. | scabs |
| This strike occured when Andrew Carnegie was away and his partner, Henry Frick, tried to cut worker's wages at the steel plant. | Homestead Strike in 1892 |
| Who did Frick call in to put down the Homestead strike? | the pinkertons, a private police force known for their abilities to break up strikes. |
| Who made the first sleeping car? | George Pullman |
| This strike marked a shift in the federal government's involvement with labor-employer relations. | Pullman Strike |
| He led the American Railway Union. | Eugene V. Debbs |
| How did the Pullman Strike end? | The railroad strike interferred with the mail so the attorney general got a court order forbidding all union activity that halted railroad activity and President Grover Cleveland snet in 2,500 federal troops to ensure that the strikers obeyed the order. |
| Oil prospectors were also known by what name? | wildcatters |
| Who built the first suspension bridge that was called the Brooklyn Bridge? | John Roebling |
| This is an expression that meant the genuine article. It came about because people insisted that the machinery they bought be equipped with a particular lubricating cup. | The Real McCoy |
| Where did the Union Pacific Railroad Start? | Omaha, NE |
| Where did the Central Pacific Railroad start? | Sacramento, CA |
| Many workers came from __________(country) to California during the gold rush and helped to build the transcontinental railroad. | China |
| An economic system where competition determines prices and wages and most industries are run by private businesses | capitalism |
| someone who takes a risk to start a business is called an ___________ | entrepreneur |
| This is a French term that means "to let do" | laissez-faire |
| This is the term for when Charles Darwin's survival of the fittest theories are applied to society and businesses. | Social Darwinism |
| In a corporation, who owns the business? | the stockholders |
| What is an advantage of a corporation? | investment money is raised by selling stock and investors are bound only by the amount of their investment |
| This is the idea that people are free to make as much money as they can, but after they make it, they should give it away to benefit society. | Gospel of Wealth |
| Which industrialist is most associated with the "Gospel of Wealth?" | Andrew Carnegie |
| He made his money by investing in railroads and owned the New York Central Railroad. He also founded a univeristy | Cornelius Vanderbilt |
| What two new mail order catelogs became popular during the late 1800's? | Sears and Roebuck and Montgomery Wards |
| He created an entire town for the employees of his railroad company | George Pullman |
| shares of a company are called _________ | stock |
| Group of companies run by the same board of trustees | trust |
| This type of store enabled people to buy many different kinds of goods under one roof. | Department store |
| form of transporation that carries a large number of people and makes regular stops along established routes. | mass transit |
| horse-drawn vehicles that were placed on rails to make the ride smoother. | streetcars |
| car that uses an underground cable to move them | cable car |
| a street car that gets its power from overhead is called a _______. | trolley |
| These developed because of increased traffic from horses and electric streetcars competing for space. | subways |
| Which city in the United States developed the first subway? | Boston |
| Who invented the internal combusion engine and what development did it lead to? | Nikolaus Otto; automobile |
| They were bicycle makers who sucessfully flew the first airplane. | Wilbur and Orville Wright |
| Where did the first flight take place? | Kitty Hawk, NC |
| What was the name of their plane? | The Spirit of St. Louis |
| Several telegraph companies joined together to form which company? | Western Union |
| He developed the first practical typewriter. | Christopher Latham Sholes |
| What type of keyboard did Sholes develop and it is still the standard keyboard today? | QWERTY, the most frequently used letters were placed far apart so they would not jam when they were stuck |
| What is a fear of foreigners called? | xenophobia |
| lists of people perceived as troublemakers who not be hired | black list |
