| A | B |
|---|
| environment | Everything in nature including people, plants, and animals that affects development in life. |
| European Community/European Union | Economic union between countries in Europe for mutual gain. Originally formed in 1951 as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), it later became the European Community in 1967, then the European Union in 1991. |
| export | The sending of goods to another country for sale or trade. |
| famine | Widespread hunger caused by the near complete lack of food. |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus. |
| Feudalism | A social, political, and economic system that dominated all aspects of medieval European life. |
| fundamental | Affecting the underlying principles or structure of something. |
| Genghis Khan | (1167?-1227) One of the Mongol’s greatest leaders and founder of the Mongol Empire. |
| Ghana | One of the west African Trading Kingdoms. They were rich in gold and established a vast trading network across the Sahara desert. |
| Greco-Roman | The cultural mixing of both ancient Greek and Roman traditions |
| gunpowder | Chemical compound that burns very quickly. Used in weaponry. |
| Hellenistic | Time period from the late 4th century BCE to the 1st century CE that was characterized by Greek achievement and a blending of Persian, Egyptian, Greek, and Indian cultures due to the empire of Alexander the Great. |
| hunting and gathering | System of food production for prehistoric peoples. Involves hunting animals and gathering foods grown in the wild. |
| immigration | The movement of people from one nation to another. |
| Imperialism | The complete control of a weaker nation’s social, economic, and political life by a stronger nation. |
| import | The bringing in of goods from another country for sale or trade. |
| Industrial Revolution | In the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan, and the United States. |
| inflation | The raising of prices on consumer goods due to an increase in the money supply. |
| interdependence | Mutual assistance or reliance between two or more parties |
| Irish Potato Famine | A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States. |
