| A | B |
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| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) | Formed in 1922 from most of the former Russian Empire. The Soviet Union was controlled by the Communist Party headquarter in Moscow, Russia. The Soviet Union was a world superpower along with the United States, and was one of the two major antagonist during the Cold War. |
| Space Race | Term given to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War to advance their space programs. |
| Space Shuttle | A reusable space vehicle built by the United States. |
| spinning jenny | A device used to make thread |
| Sputnik | Soviet satellite put into orbit around Earth in 1957. It was the first man made satellite put into orbit. |
| surgery | The medical treatment of a body which involves cutting open to perform various manipulations. |
| technology | A society's practical knowledge, especially with reference to its material culture and modes of production. |
| telescope | A device used to see distant objects, such as those in space. |
| Theory of Relativity | Theory of motion and energy developed by Albert Einstein in the 20th century. |
| Tull, Jethro | (1674-1741) British farmer and inventor, created the mechanical seed drill to aid in planting. |
| urbanization | The movement of people to urban areas in search of work. |
| Watt, James | (1736-1819) Improved upon Newcomen’s steam engine. Watt’s steam engine would be the power source of the Industrial Revolution. |
| World War I | (1914 – 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. |
| World War II | (1939 – 1945) A war fought in Europe, Africa and Asia between the Allied Powers of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. |
| Wright, Orville | (1871–1948) American inventor. He is best know for his work with his brother Wilbur in the development of the airplane. |
| Wright, Wilbur | (1867-1912) American inventor. He is best know for his work with his brother Orville in the development of the airplane. |
| zoology | The biological study of animals |
