| A | B |
|---|
| memory | the storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced |
| encoding | the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it |
| storage | the process by which information is maintained over a period of time |
| retrieval | the process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory |
| sensory memory | very brief memory storage immediately following initial reception of a stimulus |
| short-term memory | memory that is listed in capacity to about seven items and in duration by the subject's active rehearsal |
| maintenance rehearsal | a system for remembering involving repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it |
| chunking | the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember |
| semantic memory | knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings |
| episodic memory | memory of one's life, including time of occurrence |
| declarative memory | memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed |
| procedural memory | memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection |
| recognition | memory retrieval in which a person identifies an oblect, idea, or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before |
| recall | memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material |
| reconstructive memory | memory that has been simplified, enriched, or distorted, depending on an individual's experiences and attitudes |
| confabulation | the act of filling in memory gaps |
| schemas | conceptual frameworks a person uses to make sense of the world |
| eidetic memory | the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure; "photographic memory" |
| decay | fading away of memory over time |
| interference | blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories |
| elaborate rehearsal | the linking of new information to material that is already known |
| mnemonic devices | techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information |
| acoustic codes | oral repitition of something you are trying to remember |
| visual codes | a mental picture of something you are trying to remember |
| semantic codes | making sense of something in order to remember it |
| primacy-recency effect | we are better able to recall information at the beginning and the end of a list |
| working memory | includes both short-term memory (events that just occurred) and information stored in long-term memory; serves as a system for processing and working with current information |
| long-term memory | the storage of information over extended periods of time |
| prospagnosia | inability to recognize familiar faces, even one's own face; usually results from a stroke or head injury |
| state-dependent learning | occurs when you recall information easily when you are in the same psychological or emotional state or setting as you were when you originally encoded the information |
| proactive interference | an earlier memory blocks you from remembering related new information |
| retroactive interference | a later memory or new information blocks you from remembering information learned earlier |
| flashbulb memories | involve special kinds of encoding that occur when events are extreme and/or personal (very shocking, emotional, or have serious consequences) |
| tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | when you try to remember something but can't quite do so and then later when you think about other things it pops back into your memory; maybe you encoded the information in your memory with insufficient retrieval cues and you just can't find an association to retrieve the memory or the information may be blocked through interference |
| repression | when a person subconsciously blocks memories of an embarrassing or frightening experience |
| amnesia | a loss of memory that may occur after a blow to the head or as a result of brain damage, drug use, or severe psychological stress |
| infant amnesia | the relataive lack of early declarative memories |
| iconic memory | memory that holds visual information for about 1 or 2 seconds |
| echoic memory | sensory memory that holds auditory information for 1 or 2 seconds |
