| A | B |
|---|
| adaptation - animal | thick blubber on whales |
| adaptation - plant | absence of leaves on cacti to reduce water loss through transpiration |
| abscisic acid | plant hormone produced in all plant parts in response to environmental stress, such as heat stress, water stress, salt stress (leaf loss in winter, stoma closure when dry) |
| actin | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. |
| amniotic egg | major adaptation in land animals; amniotic sac encloses an embryo and provides nutrition and protection from the outside environment |
| amylase | any of a group of proteins found in saliva and pancreatic juice and parts of plants; help convert starch to sugar |
| angiosperm | (meaning "covered seed") are flowering plants. They produce seeds enclosed in fruit (an ovary). |
| animal - segmented | worm |
| annelid | large phylum of segmented worms, including ragworms, earthworms and leeches |
| anther | In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains with male gametes form |
| stamen filament | The stalk of a stamen |
| arthropod | A segmented coelomate with a chitinous exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and a body formed of distinct groups of segments |
| archaebacteria | An ancient group of prokaryotic organisms that have ribosomes and cell membranes that distinguish them from eubacteria |
| autotroph | organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light (by photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions |
| auxin | refers to indoleacetic acid (IAA), a natural plant hormone that has a variety of effects, including cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth, and fruit growth |
| auxin producing area of plant | In shoot (and root) meristematic tissue |
| basidium | reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms (club fungi) |
| basidiomycete | members of the phylum Basidiomycota. The name comes from the club-like shape of the basidium |
| Batesian mimicry | A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators |
| biological magnification | A trophic process in which retained substances become more concentrated with each link in the food chain |
| bryophyte | A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants |
| C3 plant | A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate |
| C 4 plant | A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle |
| Calvin cycle | The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate |
| carbohydrate | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides) |
| carbohydrate-fibrous | cellulose from carrots, broccoli, spinach, lettuce, cauliflower, green beans and cucumbers are all common fibrous vegetables |
| carpel | The ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary. |
| cambium | layer or layers of tissue, also known as lateral meristems, that are the source of cells for secondary growth (cork cambium and vascular cambium) |
| cellulose | A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by ?-1, 4-glycosidic linkages |
| chitin | A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods |
| chlorophyta | large division of chiefly freshwater eukaryotic algae that possess chlorophyll a and b, store food as starch, and cellulose cell walls; evolutionary line from which embryo-producing plants arose |
| cnidarian | radially symmetrical animals having saclike bodies with only one opening and tentacles with stinging structures - jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, corals |
| coelomate | animal that possesses a true coelom - fluid-filled body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm |
| conifer leaf | Leaf from A member of the largest gymnosperm phylum. Most conifers are cone-bearing trees, such as pines and firs |
| commensalism | A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed |
| connective tissue | Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix |
| cuticle layer of plant | A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants |
| deciduous leaf | leaves that fall off or are shed seasonally to avoid adverse weather conditions such as cold or drought |
| deuterostome | Animals (including echinoderms and chordates) which form their anus first during in embryonic development from the embryonic blastopore - their mouth forms secondarily |
| dicot plant (flower and seed) | flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons. Recent molecular evidence indicates that dicots do not form a clade (see eudicots) |
| diploid chromosome number | A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent |
| echinoderm | radially symmetric, spiny-skinned marine animals - seastars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, crinoids, and sand dollars |
| ectotherm | An animal, such as a reptile, fish, or amphibian, that must use environmental energy and behavioral adaptations to regulate its body temperature |
| endosperm | A nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds |
| endotherm | An animal, such as a bird or mammal, that uses metabolic heat to regulate body temperature |
| enzyme | A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| epithelial tissue | Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities |
| ethylene | The only gaseous plant hormone. Among its many effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening |
| eubacteria | one-celled monerans having simple prokaryotic cells with rigid walls and (in motile types) flagella |
| eukaryote | Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals), containing a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles |
| exoskeleton | A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles |
| fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid |
| flower ovary | In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop |
| frond | large leaf with many divisions to it - palms, ferns or cycads |
| fruit | seed-bearing structure in higher plants developed from the ovary after fertilisation |
| fruit (dry with seed) | nut |
| fruit (fleshy with seed) | orange |
| gametophyte | gamete-bearing individual or phase in the life cycle of a plant having alternation of generations |
| gastropod | class of mollusks typically having a one-piece coiled shell and flattened muscular foot with a head bearing stalked eyes - snails and slugs |
| genetically modified organism | An organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also known as a transgenic organism |
| gibberellins | A class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and stimulate fruit development with auxin |
| glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch |
| gynmosperm cone | cone of a vascular plant that bears naked seeds--seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers |
| haploid chromosome number | A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n) |
| heartwood | Older layers of secondary xylem, closer to the center of a stem or root, that no longer transport xylem sap |
| hermaphrodite | An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs |
| insect | arthropods in the class Insecta, having a hard exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax, and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs |
| K-strategist | life history is centered around producing relatively few offspring that have a good chance of survival |
| keratin | strong, fibrous protein that is the major component of skin, hair and nails |
| leaf - gynmosperm | leaf of vascular plant that bears naked seeds (seeds not enclosed in specialized chambers), typically conifer needles |
| lepidoptera | order of insects that is characterized by having four large, scaly wings and a spiral proboscis - butterflies and moths |
| lichen | The symbiotic collective formed by the mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium |
| lignin | complex organic constituent of the wood that cements the cellulose fibers together |
| lipid used for energy storage | triglyceride |
| littoral zone organism | organism that exists in the shallow, well-lit waters close to shore in a lake |
| long-day plant | A plant that flowers (usually in late spring or early summer) only when the light period is longer than a critical length |
| meristem | Plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives, found in areas where growth can take place |
| modified leaf of plant | Leaves adapted to special functions or environments - thornes on cacti minimize transpiration |
| modified root of plant | perfom functions other than support and absorption - some store starch (beets and turnips) or water (desert plants). |
| modified stem of plant | Tubers - swollen portions of underground stems (stolons) having nodes, and buds arising at nodes |
| monocot plant (flower and seed) | A clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon |
| muscle fiber - striated | Cardiac and skeletal muscles are "striated" in that they contain sarcomeres (multiprotein contractile complexes) and are packed into highly-regular arrangements of bundles |
| mutualism | A symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit |
| mycelium | The densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus |
| mycorrhizae | Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi |
| myosin | A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction |
| nematode | un-segmented worm of the class Nematoda, having a tough outer cuticle - includes free-living forms and disease-causing parasites, such as the hookworm and filaria. Also called: nematode worm, roundworm |
| niche | role or functional position of a species within the community of an ecosystem |
| nymph stage of insect | a larva of an insect with incomplete metamorphosis and no pupa stage (dragonfly or mayfly) |
| parasite | An organism that benefits by living in or on another organism at the expense of the host |
| parenchyma cels | A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type |
| phloem | Vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant |
| pine cone - female | The familiar woody cone which produces seeds |
| platyhelminthes | flatworms |
| pollen | The structures that contain the male gametophyte of seed plants |
| pollinator | biotic agent (vector) that moves pollen from the male anthers of a flower to the female stigma of a flower to accomplish fertilization |
| porifera | phylum containing all of the sponges - multicellular animals with only two cell layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm, that are separated by an acellular mesogloea |
| prokaryote | Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles |
| protein | A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids |
| protein - fibrous | Any insoluble protein, usually forming long protein filaments, rod- or wire-like shapes including the collagens, elastins, and keratins, involved in structural or fibrous tissues |
| protein - globular | one of the two main protein classes, comprising "globe"-like proteins that are more or less soluble in aqueous solutions (where they form colloidal solutions) |
| protostome | one of two distinct evolutionary lines of coelomates, consisting of the annelids, mollusks, and arthropods, in which the first opening that appears in the embryo (blastopore) becomes the mouth |
| pteridophyte | simple vascular plant that produces spores, but not seeds, and has the diploid stage of its life cycle as the dominant form (ferns) |
| r-strategist | species in which the population size is governed by the rate of reproduction |
| radial symmetry | Characterizing a body shaped like a pie or barrel, with many equal parts radiating outward like the spokes of a wheel; present in cnidarians and echinoderms; also can refer to flower structure |
| rhizome | A horizontal underground stem of some plants that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes (ginger) |
| scale (animal with two chambered heart) | fish |
| spore | In the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternation of generations, a meiotically produced haploid cell that divides mitotically, generating a multicellular individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell |
| sporophyte | In organisms undergoing alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation |
| stem | A vascular plant organ consisting of an alternating system of nodes and internodes that support the leaves and reproductive structures |
| stem - herbaceous | stems that look and act like leaves with leaf-like texture and color |
| stem - woody | stems of a woody plant, characterized by a thick, tough outer layer of bark |
| stigma | The sticky part of a flower?s carpel, which traps pollen grains |
| stigma & style of carpel | female anatomy of plant |
| style | The stalk of a flower carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top |
| tendril of plant | specialized stem, leaf or petiole with a threadlike shape that is used by climbing plants for support and attachment, generally by twining around whatever it touches |
| thorn of plant | small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf |
| unicellular organism | have one cell; normally from two classification kingdoms, eubacteria and archaebacteria; eukaryote or or prokaryote; reproduce asexually and do not have specialized functions |
| vascular plant tissue | Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body |
| xerophte | A plant adapted to an arid climate |
| xylem | Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from roots to the rest of the plant |
