| A | B |
|---|
| psychology | study of how behavior & mental processes are affected |
| empirical evidence | information gathered through careful observation, experimentation, & measurement |
| Hippocrates | believed or observed that the brain is the source for emotion and feelings |
| Stoics | anger and sadness are responses to explanations, not just consequences |
| Joseph Gail | supported phrenology |
| phrenology | concept of linking bumps on one's skull to character traits |
| Wilhelm Wundt | practiced trained introspection |
| Leipzig | site of first psychological lab |
| trained introspection | method of teaching volunteers to evaluate themselves |
| William James | emphasized that behavior helps one to adapt to the environment |
| Sigmund Freud | believed that anxieties were mental conditions and not physical conditions |
| biological perspective | emphasizes the interaction of bodily processes and the environment to create psychological events |
| learning perspective | emphasizes how environmental events affect our actions |
| cognitive perspective | emphasizes mental processes and their effects on behavior |
| psychodynamic perspective | emphasizes the unconsciousness to explain behavior and emotions |
| humanist perspective | emphasizes free will, personal growth, and achievement as factors of behavior |
| basic research | study of psychological issues for the sake of science, for gaining more knowledge |
| applied psychology | study of psychological issues that are important; focus on practical uses or applications of findings |
| counseling psychologist | practitioner of psychology that helps people deal with the problems of everyday life |
| school psychologist | practitioner of psychology that works to enhance students' performance |
| clinical psychologist | psychology practitioner that diagnoses, treats, and studies mental & emotional problems |
| psychotherapist | person who dos psychotherapy, credentials may vary |
| psychoanalyst | person who practices psychoanalysis, requires and advanced degree |
| psychiatrist | medical doctor with training in psychiatry |
| critical thinking | ability & willingness to look objectively at research & evidence |
| hypothesis | statement that tries to describe or explain a given behavior or circumstance |
| assumption | belief that is taken for granted |
| bias | assumption that keeps one from considering the evidence appropriately |
| case study | detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated |
| observational study | nonobtrusive measurement of behavior |
| naturalistic study | observational study that takes places in an organism's normal environment |
| laboratory study | observational study that takes place in a controlled environment |
| test | procedure for measurement |
| objective test | test to measure characteristics of which an individual is aware |
| projective test | test measuring or tapping into the unconsciousness |
| survey | method of asking people direct questions |
| representative sample | group of individuals selected for a study or experiment that match the population in important characteristics |
| positive correlation | high --> high; low --> low |
| negative correlation | high --> low; low --> high |
| experiment | controlled test involving variables & conditions |
| informed consent | participants of a study must volunteer AFTER being proved sufficient information |
| independent variable | agent or factor to be manipulated |
| dependent variable | agent or factor that changes according to the manipulation |
| control condition | original, status quo in an experiment |
| experimental condition | condition with the independent variable in an experiment |
| random assignment | procedure for splitting participants into groups for experiments giving all involved the same probability of being assigned to one group as to another |
| placebo | fake treatment, fake condition |
| experimenter effects | unintentional changes in behavior of participants due to the experimenter |
| single-blind study | experiment with the experimenter knowing the difference between the control and the variable |
| double-blind study | experiment in which the experimenter and the participant are kept in the dark as to whether the participant is part of the control or variable |
| field research | research conducted in the natural setting |
| cross-sectional study | study in which individuals of different ages are compared at a given time |
| longitudinal study | study in which individuals are followed and reassessed over a period of time |
| meta-analysis | procedure for combining results from many studies to draw conclusions |
| arithmetic mean | sum of all scores divided by # of scores |
| standard deviation | indicates average difference between a score and the mean |
| significance test | statistical test that tells how like the results are due to chance |
