| A | B |
|---|
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Author of On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres who proposed a heliocentric theory of circular orbits |
| Tycho Brahe | Mathematician and astronomer who compiled the most accurate records on the movements of the star and planets of this time period |
| Johannes Kepler | Using Brahe's astronomical data, this mathematician arrived at three laws of planetary motion which confirmed Copernicus' theory |
| Galileo Galilei | This mathematician made several extraordinary discoveries which led him to write Starry Messenger |
| Isaac Newton | Author of Principia Mathematica who defined the basic concepts of mechanics by outlining three basic laws of motion; developed universal law of gravity |
| Paracelsus | Considering himself as the monarch of physicians, this chemical philosopher was closely associated with a macrocosmi-microcosm analogy of the universe; "everything on the outside is on the inside" |
| Andreas Vesalius | Author of On the Fabric of the Human Body, this physician dissected human bodies to show the general structure. |
| William Harvey | Author of On the Motion of the Heart and Blood, this physician proved that the heart was the starting point for the circulation of the blood |
| Margaret Cavendish | Excluded from membership in the Royal Society, this woman wrote Observations upon Experimental Philosophy and Grounds of Natural Philosophy |
| Maria Sibylla Merian | This entomologist's most famous work, Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam, employed 60 illustrations of the reproductive life of Surinam's insect life |
| Maria Winkelmann | Gottfried Kirch's wife and assistant who discovered a new comet but was later denied a post at the Berlin Academy because of her sex |
| "Querelles des femmes" | Arguments about women |
| Jean de La Bruyere | French moralist who suggested that an educated women was something to be shown off as a collector's item but in actuality was of no real use |
| Rene Descartes | Considered the father of modern rationalism, this author of Discourse on Method endorsed the deductive method of reasoning |
| Francis Bacon | This English lawyer and lord chancellor endorsed the use of inductive reasoning in scientific research |
| Benedict Spinoza | Author of Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner; this individual offered a complex synthesis of God, nature, and humans |
| Blaise Pascal | In his published notes, this mathematician try to showed that Chrisitan religion was not contrary to reason |
| French Royal Academy of Sciences | Recognized by Louis XIV, this group received abundant state support, but was under government control |
| Royal Society of England | Receiving a royal charter from Charles II this group had lttle government support and had to rely on new members for funds |
| Journal des Savants and Philosophical Transactions | Journals of the French and English royal scientific societies |
| Scientific Revolution | sweeping change in the scientific view of the universe that occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries |
| "Leviathan" | written by Thomas Hobbes; this work suggested that man was brutish and to have order in society one must submit to an all-powerful authority |
| "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" | written by John Locke; this work suggested that man was born tabula rasa and that all man becomes is based on his experiences |
| "Letter Concerning Toleration" | written by John Locke; this work established a powerful foundation for the extension of religious toleration, and the separation of church and state |
| "Two Treatises on Government" | written by John Locke; these works outlined Locke's idea of the social contract between the people and the government |
| physico-theology | name given to deducing religious conclusions from nature |
| John Ray | author of "The Wisdom of God Manifested in His Works"; argued that God placed humans in the world to understand it and once understood to put it into practical use |
| "Malleus Maleficarum" | Handbook on the practice of witchcraft; written by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger; a classic of misogyny |
