| A | B |
|---|
| Phagocytosis | the cell uses this to move solids/food in or out of the cell, a portion of the cell membrane is pinched off or added to in the process, white blood cells use this to digest foreign cells |
| Glycoprotein | a molecule of carbohydrates and protein, usually found on the exterior of the cell membrane, used for cell to cell recognition |
| Endomembrane system | Includes all of the membrane bound structures found inside and outside the cell, ex. Golgi, lysosome, vacuoles |
| Plasmodesmata | Found in plants, holes in adjacent cell walls that allows for cytoplasmic streaming between cells |
| Tight Junction | found in animal cells, seals cells to prevent leakage |
| Gap Junction | found in animal cells, attaches adjacent animal cells |
| Desmosome | tightly seals animal cells, similar to a rivet |
| Cytoplasmic streaming | the movement of cytoplasm within the cell, this helps to move material around the cell |
| Light Microscope | visible light is passed through a specimen and then into a glass lense, the light is bent to increase magnification, can magnify 1000x larger |
| Scanning Electron Microscope | used for detailed surface images, uses electrons for magnification, gives a 3D image |
| Transmission Electron Microscope | used to view the internal structure |
| Prokaryote | a cell without a membrane bound nucleus, the DNA would be found in a nucleoid, Monera and Archae are both prokaryote |
| Eukaryote | A cell that contains a membrane bound nuclues and membrane bound organelles. Protista, Fungi, Plant, and Animal are all Eukaryotes. Means 'true kernel'. |
| Pinocytosis | The cell uses this to move liquid in or out of the cell by bulk transport, a portion of the membrane is pinched off in the process |
| Cilia | Short hair-like projections from the plasma membrane; Cellular paramecia use cilia for movement. Found in prokaryotes/eukaryotes. They have a basal body lying in the cytoplasm at their base. |
| Ribosomes | complexes of RNA and protein that are found in all cells with nuclei: Some ribosomes are found in cytoplasm. Others ar attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. They receive mRNA from nucleus and this nucleic acid carries a coded message from DNA indicating the correct sequence of amino acids. Ribo's are sites of protein synthesis |
| Tonoplast | Def: THe cytoplasm membrane that surrounds a vacuole of a plant cell. It seperates vacuolar contents from the cells cytoplasm. As a membrane it is mainly involved in regulating the movements of ions around the cell and isolating materials that may be harmful to the cell. |
| Rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) | Def: Membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells. Studded w/ ribosomes. It synthesizes proteins after they have entered the ER lumen. Forms vesicles in which large molecules are transported 2 other parts of the cell |
| Cell Wall | Protective layer external to the plasma membrane of cells. Important structural components of cell walls include cellulose in plants and protists, chitin in fungi, and peptidoglycan in bacteria. |
| Chloroplast | Photosynthetic organelle that absorbs sunlight and converts its energy into chemical energy to be stored in sugar molecules. |
| Flagella | Cellular appendages specialized for movement |
| Golgi Apparatus | Organelle in eukaryotic cells that modify, store, and route products of the ER and synthesize some products. |
| Chromosomes | structures that carry genetic information in the form of organized DNA structures. They are found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. They are made of chromatin. When chromatin becomes dense during cell division, it forms chromosomes. Each eukaryotic species has a specific number of chromosomes. For example, humans have 46 in their nucleus (23 in each sex cell). |
| Chromatin | Chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell are made of chromatin. Chromatin is a complex of proteins and DNA. These chromatin structures coil up and condense during cell division. Under a microscope, chromatin appears as diffuse mass when stained. The chromatin is adjoined to the nucleolus by fibers and granules. |
| Microtubules | These are one of the main three fibers that make up the cytoskeleton. All eukaryotic cells have microtubules that are hollow rods. These rods are about 25 nm in diameter in diameter and from 200 nm to 25 µm in length. The wall of microtubules is made of a globular protein called tublin. If tublin dimers are added, microtubules grow in length. The ends of the microtubules are slightly different and one end can release or accumulate tublin at a different rate than another. Microtubules shape and support the cell and can serve as tracks that organelles with motor proteins can move across. They also separate chromosomes during cell division. |
| Pseudopodia | cellular extensions that assist in cell movement. They are cytoplasm extrusions that can appear as one or multiple extrusions per cell at one time. In addition to locomotion, pseudopodia are also used in the feeding process by engulfing food. |
| Cytosol | liquid found inside of cells. Water and macromolecules form the majority of the contents in cytosol. It is the site of multiple cell processes. |
| Plasma Membrane | Selective barrier that allows for sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell; holds cytoplasm inside to hold organelles; found in plant and animal cells. |
| Plastid | Found in the cells of photosynthetic organisms, these are closely related to chloroplasts, and store energy in the cell from sunlight. |
| Peroxisomes | Contains enzymes to transfer H2 from various substrates to O2, producing then degrading H2O2. These detoxify alcohol in the liver; similar to lysosomes in how they are dedicated to ridding the area around the cell of certain toxins. |
| Plasmodesmata | Only found in plant cells, these are openings in the cell wall where strands of cytosol attach from other cells. |
| Intermediate filaments | A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments in size between microtubules and microfilaments. |
| cytoplasm | the contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane, all all the organelles to be suspended within the cell |
| mitochondria | organelle where cellular respiration takes place and most of the ATP is generated, known as the powerhouse, required for all of the organelles to function |
| thylakoid | disclike sacs formed from the chloroplast, place where light energy is changed into chemical energy |
| stroma | the inner membrane of the chloroplast that contains a concentrated mixture of enzymes for photosynthesis |
| centromere | constriction where two sister chromatids are held together |
| transport vesicle | membranous sac in the cytoplasm that carries molecules, produced by the cell |
| microfilaments | composed of actin, makes up part of the cytoskeleton |
| granum | a stack of thylakoids, functions in the light dependent phase of photosynthesis |
| nucleoid | in a prokaryote cell, region where the DNA is found, similar to a nucleus in a eukaryote |
| smooth ER | ER that lacks ribosomes, membraneous tubes and cacks called cisternae, Function: synthesis lipids, metabolize carbohydrates, detoxify drugs and poisons, produces steroids and sex hormones |
| lysosome | membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, enzymes only work in the lysosome-pH of the cytosol denatures the enzyme, carries out intracellular digestion, recylces nutrients through autophagy |
| nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus separating its contents from the cytoplasm. Double membrane, perforated by nuclear pores |
| chromosomes | organizatin of DNA, carries genetic information. Made up of chromatin-a complex of proteinsand DNA. |
| chromatin | complex DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome, these are visible as chromosomes in the dividing cell |
| nucleus | contains most genes in the eukaryote cell, storage center for genetic material |
| vacuole | food vacuole-formed by phagocytosis-relates to lysosomes which will digest the food, Contractile vacuole-found in fresh water protists, pumps out excess water maintaining osmotic concentration, Central Vacuole-found in plant cells, holds water to give the plant cell shape |
| nucleolus | dense part of the nucleus, RNA is synthesized here |
| centrosome | microtubule organizing center, not found in yeast or plant cells, used during cell division |
