| A | B |
|---|
| Anatomy | Branch of science dealing with the form and structure of body parts. |
| Physiology | Study of body functions. |
| Morphology | The science of form and structure, as of animals and plants. |
| Atom | Smallest unit of matter. |
| Molecule | Consist of 2 or more atoms bonded together. A substance composed of two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independant unit. |
| Macromolecule | Large molecule only found in living system. Large molecule composed of smaller molecules. |
| Cell | Smallest living structural and functional unit of an organism. Composed of molecules and macromolecules. |
| Tissue | Consist of cells & cellular products which carryout various functions in the body. A group of similar cell types working together as a functional unit. |
| Organ | A structure of definite form and function composed of two or more different kinds of tissue. |
| Organ System | Related organs that carryout various functions of the body. |
| Homeostasis | When the bodies internal environmental remains within certain physiological ranges or limits. State of equilibrium in the body with respect to functions, composition of fluids and tissues. |
| Intracellular | Inside a cell. |
| Intercellular | Between cells. |
| Vascular | Pertaining to or containing many blood vessels. |
| Stress | chronic pressure, tension, subject to starin |
| Positive Feedback | Response is same as stimulus |
| Negative Feedback | Final response is opposite to stimulus. Mechanism activated by an imbalance that corrects the imbalance. |
| Ingestion | Intake of food (digestiv system) |
| Digestion | Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into simple forms which can be absorbed by the bloodstream and lymphatic system. |
| Absorption | uptake of the simple forms (molecules) from the digestive system (G I Track) into the bloodstream and lymphatic system. |
| Circulation | Distribution of the simple molecules to all cells, (cardiovascular sysytem) The act of diffusion or dissemination, continuous passage through a closed system, as in blood. |
| Assimilation | Incorporation of the absorbed substances into the cells of the body. Process whereby already digested foodstuffs are absorbed and utilized by tissue. |
| Metabolism | All the chemical processes which sustain life. (all cells) Sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in the body, consisting of anabolism and catabolism. Cellular metabolism refers specifically to the chemical reactions within cells. |
| Anabolism | [A rising up] Binding smaller molecules together to form larger molecules. All of the synthesis reactions that occur within the body, reguires energy. |
| Hyperplasia | An abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in a tissue or organ, increasing its size. |
| Hypertrophy | [above nourishment] Increase in bulk or size, not due to an increase in number of individual elements. |
| Secretion | General term for a substance produced inside a cell and released from the cell. |
| Gland | Secretory organ from which secretions may be released into the blood, a cavity, or onto a surface. |
| Catabolism | [a casting down] Breackdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules. All of the decomposition reactions that occur in the body, releases energy. |
| Excretion | Elimination of metabolic wastes and excess products from the body. |
| Differentiation | [count] Process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells. Determination of the number of each kind of white blood cell in a sample of 100 cells for a dianostic purposes. |
| Reproduction | Production of new cells or organisms. |
| Excitability | Anility of certain cells to respond to stimuli. Responsiveness to stimulation and regulation by nervous impulses and hormones. (nerve & muscle) |
| Conductivity | Ability of certain cells to shorten. (nerve & muscle) |
| Contractility | Ability of certain cells to shorten. (muscle cells) The ability to contract or make shorter. |
| Solvent | [to dissolve] Liquid that holds another substance in solution. |
| Solute | Dissolved particles. Dissolved substance in a solution. |
| Dissociation | dissociation: Ionization in which ions are dissolved in water and the cations and anions are surrounded by water molecules. |
| Ion | Atom or group of atoms carrying a charge of electricity by virtue of having gained or lost one or more electrons. |
| Acid | ion which dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions. Molecule that is a proton donor; any substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+). |
| Base | is a substance that dissociates into one or more Hydroxide and one or more cations. Molecule that is a proton acceptor; any substance that binds to hydrogen ions. |
| Salt | dissociates into anions and cations neither of which is Hydrogen or Hydroxide. Molecule consisting of a cation other than hydrogen and an anion other than hydroxide. |
| Buffer | Mixture of an acid and base that reduces any changes in pH that would otherwise occur in a solution when acid or base is added to the solution. |
| Polymer | A large organic molecule made up of two or more subunits or monomers. |
| Monomer | Subunits of organic molecules that often form long chains called polymers. |
| Enzyme | Protein that acts as a catalyst. |
| Denaturation | the change in shape ex: protein in cooked egg whites |
| Organelles | Specialized part of a cell serving one or more specific individual functions. |
| Inclusions | temporary structures (exported) |
| Hydrophobic | afraid of water (Lipid Tails) |
| Hydrophilic | likes water (Lipid Heads) |
| Passive Transport | Membrane transport processes that do not require cellular energy (no ATP). |
| Active Transport | Carrier-mediated process that requires ATP and can move substances against a concentration gradient. |
| Simple Diffusion | The random movement of molecules or ions or small particles in solution or suspension under the influence of Brownian (thermal) motion toward a uniform distribution throughout the available volume; the rate is relatively rapid among liquids and gases |
| Osmosis | Difussion of H2O, Diffusion of solvent [water] through a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution. |
| Filtration | Movement from high pressure to low pressure produced by blood pressure, due to a pressure difference, of a liquid through a filter that prevents some or all of the substances in the liquid from passing through. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | movement of solutes from high solute concentration to a low solute concentration by means of a carrier molecule. The process of transporting a chemical through a cellular membrane, down its concentration gradient, with the aid of a membrane carrier that does not consume ATP; enables substances to diffuse through the membrane that would do so poorly, or not at all. |
| Primary Active Transport | involves the movement of solutes from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration requires the pump protein. needs ATP |
| Secondary Active Transport | uses ATP indirectly, involves the primary active transport of Sodium ions. (SYMPORT) |
| Phagocytosis | Process of ingestion by cells of solid substances, such as other cells, bacteria, bits of necrosed tissue, and foreign particles. |
| Pinocytosis | [to drink,cell,condition] Cell drinking, uptake of liquid by a cell. |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | The plasma cell membrane may contain specific receptor molecules that recognize certain substances and allow them to be transported into cell by phagocytosis or pinocytosis. |
| Exocytosis | Elimination of material from a cell through the formation of vacuoles |
| Gene | Functional unit of heredity. Each gene occupies a specific place, or locus, on a chromosome, is capable of reproducing itself exactly at each cell division, and often is capable of directing the formation of an enzyme or other protein. |
| Transcription | mRNA takes genetic code from DNA. Process of forming RNA from a DNA template. |
| Translation | Code in RNA represents protein structure. Synthesis of polypeptide chains at the ribosome in response to information contained in mRNA molecules. |
| Epithelial | Cells usually tightly packed together with little or no intercellular materials. One of the four primary tissue types. The term derives from the Greek word meaning "nipples." This refers to the tiny capillary-containing connective tissue in the lips, which is where the term was first used. |
| Connective Tissue | One of the basic types of tissue that includes bone, cartilage, and loose and fibrous connective tissue |
| Muscle Tissue | Contractile tissue consisting of filaments of actin and myosin, which slide past each other, shortening cells. |
| Nerve Tissue | Neurons and neuroglia. |
