| A | B |
|---|
| model | idea of something that can't be fully known or seen; a way of demostrating an abject or that is difficult to picture in its real form |
| geologists | scientists who study the inerior and the earths surface |
| crust | layer tha t covers surface of earth where all living things are found |
| inner core | the central layer of earth beileved to be solid with a tempature of 7000'C; about 1250 km thick |
| mantle | first layer that makes up the interior of earth; about 2900 km thick |
| lithoshere | upper part of mantle that includes the crust |
| outer core | liquod section of the centar; laters of earth; about 2200 km thick |
| earthquakes | trembling or vibrations of the ground, caused by the sudden realese of energy that slowly been building up in earths core |
| focus | first place that rocks break below the surface in earthquakes |
| sesmic waves | shock waves caused by and earthquake |
| epicentre | point on the surface exactly above the focus |
| richter scale | scale devolped by Charles Richter that measures the magnitude of an earthquake; scale starts at 0, and each increase of one means an increase of 10 times the amount of ground motion |
| volcano | opening in earths crust through which solid and molten rock, ash and gases escape |
| lava | molten rock that flows out of a volcano |
| ash | fine, burnt particles from a volcan eruption |
| magma | molten rock inside the Earth |
| seismogram | print out of seismograph |
| surveyors level | device that measures minute change in the angle of the grounds slope |
| weathering | process that wears down rock and other objects |
| erosion | the process which moves soil from one place to another |
| depostion | process of eroded materials being laid down or deposited wind, water and ice |
| mechanical weathering | when rock is broken of by physical forces, such as wind or water |
| wind | air in motion |
| chmical weathering | when water in the air combines with chemical substances in the air |
| boilogical weathering | wearing away of rocks by living things |
| sediment | silt, sand, mud and gravel carried by flowin weaters |
| sedimention | process of sediments being deposited on surface fearures |
| fluvial landforms | landforms created by running waters |
| landslides | sudden and the fast movements of rocks and soil down a slo-pe |
| glacier | moving mass of ice and snow |
| minerals | pure, naturally occurring solid materials that are the building blocks of rock; all rocks are made of minerals |
| properties | features that a materiala or object has |
| colour | property used to classify and identify rocks and minerals |
| lustre | the way the surface of a mineral reflects light |
| streak | the colour of the powder that a mineral leaves behind when you rub it across a rough surface |
| cleavage | the split of a mineral into to smooth surface |
| fracture | mineral breakage into rough uneven surface |
| hardness | mesure of a mineral hardness according to mohs hardness scale; harder minerals leaves scratch on the softer one |
| mohs scale of hardness | ten mineral ranked in order of hardness |
| igneous rocks | rocks that form hot, molten rock |
| extrusive rock | igneous rock that was formed from lava cooling on the earthd surface |
| sedimentary rocks | layers of rock that form when small pieces of rock are carried by water orwind and settle or sink down in water into the rocks below |
| metamorphic rocks | rocks that have beem changed because of intense pressure and heat within the earth's interior |
| classifying | grouping of objects or events that have the same charicteristicks |
| remote sensing | mapping of earth's surface from aircraft or orbiting satellites |
| geophysical prospecting | using sesitive instrumentsto detect to detect mineral deposits hidden deep underground |
| geochemical prospecting | making analysis of samples taken from the enviroment |
| exploration | drilling holes to verify an ore body's existence |
| rock cycle | process by which rock is changed from on class to another |
| precambrain sheild | rock formation formed between 544 and 4500 million years ago |
| interior plain | a wedge-shaped area of land extending from the canadian shield of the rocky mountains |
| continental drift | Alfred Wegener's hypothesis, now acce[ted, of the movement of continental land masses |
| pangaea | the super continent which existed in the past |
| glossopteris fossils | plants that resembled ferns; these fossils were used as evidence for supporting Wegener's theory of continental drift |
| folded mountains | mountains formed by converging plates; evidence for proving continental drift |
| glacial deposits | deep scratches in rocks show were glaciers once covered land; evidence for proving continental drift |
| trenches | deep valleys on the ocean floor |
| ridges | mountain chains rise froem the ocean floor |
| geothermal activity | thermal energy remaining deep inside the earth |
| plates | continental and oceanic crust |
| theory of plate tectonics | the idea that the contentail crust is broken up into large areas called plates; all plates are moving very slowly |
| boundary | edge or location where plates meet |
| diverging boundary | edge or location wher continntal plates are moving apart |
| converging boundary | edge or location where continental plates come together |
| subduction | collision between the oceanic and continental plats where the dence, heavy ocean plate slides below the lighter contenetal plate |
| transform boundary | edge or location where continental plates slide along beside each other;earthquakes are caused when plates bind |
| mountain | part of Earths surface which is much taller then normal ground |
| mountain range | series of mountains |
| mountain buildings | process of creating mountains |
| folds | bends in rock layers;most mountains created by a combination of folding and faulting |
| faults | large cracks in the rocks; most mountains were created by a combination of folding and faulting |
| paleontologists | scientists who study early life forms from animal and plant form |
| strata | layers formed by sediment over millions of years |
