| A | B |
|---|
| Skeletal muscle | Attached to bone and under voluntary control |
| Smooth muscle | Muscle found in walls of the stomach |
| A nonstriated, involuntary muscle | Cardiac muscle |
| The large muscle of the thigh contains thousands of these | Single muscle fibers or muscle cells |
| Surrounds large skeletal muscle | Layers of tough connective tissue call fascia |
| Outer layer of fascia | Epimysium |
| Fascia attaches to a bone as this | Tendon |
| Reddish-brown pigment in certain muscle fibers | Myoglobin |
| Elongated muscle fiber | Muscle cell |
| Long cylindrical structures in each muscle fiber | Myofibrils |
| Contractile units that extend from Z line to Z line | Sarcomeres |
| Two contractile proteins | Actin and myosin |
| They extend from the myosin filaments | Myosin heads |
| When muscles contract, they do this | Shorten |
| Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other causing this | Shortening of the sarcomeres |
| When stimulated, the myosin heads make contact with the actin and form these | Crossbridges |
| These substances play an important role in the contraction and relaxation of the muscle | ATP and calcium |
| This substance helps the myosin heads fo form and break crossbridges with the actin | ATP |
| This is necessary for muscle contraction | Calcium |
| Rigor mortis | Muscles remain contracted and become stiff |
| Type of nerve that supplies the skeletal muscle | Motor or somatic nerve |
| Area where motor nerve meets the muscle | Neuromuscular junction |
| Substance stored in the nerve endings | Neurotransmitter |
| Neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction | Acetylcholine |
| Enzyme that destroys the ACh | Acetylcholinesterace |
| Disorder that affects the NMJ | Myasthenia Gravis |
| A drug that is a skeletal muscle blocker. | Curare |
| Chemical substances that disrupt normal function of the nervous system | Neurotoxins |
| Overstimulation of the muscle membrane | Tetanus |
| A whole muscle is comprised of this | Muscle fibers |
| Explains the contraction and relaxation of a single muscle fiber | Sliding filament hypothesis |
| Greater muscle force is achieved through this process | Recruitment |
| Twitch | A single muscle response |
| Three stimuli delivered in rapid succession | Summation |
| A normal, continuous state of partial muscle contraction | Muscle tone or tonus |
| Muscle contraction requires a rich supply of this energy source | ATP |
| Aerobic metabolism | Catabolism in the presence of oxygen |
| Anaerobic metabolism | Catabolism without the presence of oxygen |
| Origin | Muscle contracts across a joint with one bone remaining stationary or immovable |
| Insertion | Attaches to the more movable bone |
| "Chief muscle" or single muscle responsible for most of the movement | Prime mover |
| Synergists | "helper muscles" or muscles that cooperate with other muscles |
| Antagonists | Muscles that oppose the action of another muscle. |
| Hypertrophy | Overused or overworked muscles result in this |
| Atrophy | Wasting of muscle when not used |
| Contracture | An abnormal formation of fibrous tissue with the muscle |
| Terms describing size of muscle | Vastus, maximus, longus, minimus, and brevis |
| Terms describing shape of muscle | deltoid, latissimus, trapezius |
| Terms describing direction of fibers | rectus, oblique, transverse, circularis |
| Terms describing the location of the muscle | pectoralis, gluteus, brachii, supra, infra, sub, lateralis |
| Refers to number of origins | biceps, triceps, quadriceps |
| Action of the muscles | Abductor, adductor, flexor, levator, masseter |
| Two muscles used for I.M. injections | Deltoid and gluteus |
| Muscles over anterior upper chest | Pectoralis major |
| Position of quadraceps | Anterior thigh |
| Position of hamstrings | Posterior thigh |
| Triangle shaped muscle over scapulae | Trapezius |
| Lower back muscles | Latissimus dorsi |
| Longest muscle in the body | Sartorius |
| Orbicularis oculi | Circular muscle around the eye |
| Buccinator | Horizontal cheek muscle |
| Chewing muscles | Temporalis and masseter |
| Sternocleidomastoid | Flexes and rotates the head |
| Orbicularis oris | Circular muscle around the mouth |
| Zygomaticus | Elevates corner of mouth; smiling muscle |
| Muscles involved in breathing | External and internal intercostals and diaphragm |
| Major muscle on anterior surface of upper arm | Biceps brachii |
| Muscle on posterior surface of upper arm | Triceps brachii |
| Gluteus maximus | Located on posterior surface of the buttocks |
| Illiopsoas | Located on anterior surface of groin |
| Posterior surface of leg - toe-dancer muscle | Gastrocnemius |
| Chewing | Mastication |
| Torticollis | A spasm of the neck |
| Diaphragm | Dome-shaped muscle that facilitates breathing |
| Muscles fibers run in a longitudinal direction | Rectus abdominis |
| Muscles located along the forearm | Flexors and extensors |
| Surprised muscle | Frontalis |
| Located at back of heel | Achilles tendon |
| A painful, involuntary skeletal muscle contraction | Cramp |
| Myalgia | Pain or tenderness in the muscles |
| By age 80, percentage of muscle mass lost | 50% |
| With age, the mitochondrial function does this | Decreases |
| In an older adult, muscle atrophy is caused by this | Lost motor neurons |
| Fibromyositis | A charleyhorse |
| Hypotonia | Decrease in or absence of muscle tone |
| Myopathy | A disease of the muscles that is not associated with the nervous system |
| Shin splints | Exercise-related inflammatory condition involving the extensor muscles and surrounding tissues in the lower leg |
