| A | B |
|---|
| cell cycle | repeating sequence of cellular growth and division during the life of an organism |
| first growth phase(G1) | rapid growth, routine functions, major portion of cell's life, cells not dividing |
| synthesis phase(S) | DNA is copied, each chromosome consists of 2 chromatids attached at the centromere |
| second growth phase(G2) | preparing for nuclear division, mitochondria & organelles replicate, microtubules assembled |
| purpose of microtubules | used to move chromosomes during meiosis |
| mitosis | process of nuclear division-each nucleus has same number and kinds of chromosomes as original |
| cytokinesis | process during cell division in which the cytoplasm divides |
| spindle fibers | structure composed of centrioles and individual hollow protein fibers that move chromosomes |
| centriole | organelle located outside the nucleus used to divide and organize spindle fibers in mitosis |
| microtubules | a long hollow protein cylinder used to move chromosomes in mitosis |
| cell plate | a membrane bound cell wall that forms between two dividing cells |
| cancer | uncontrolled cell growth |
| mutagens | cancer causing agents |
| binary fission | parent divides into two parts, each grows into an individual indentical to parent |
| multiple fission | nucleus divides repeatedly, cytoplasmic division produces many daughter cells |
| budding | unequal outgrowth of parent, it develops organs then detaches |
| fragmentation | a multi celled animal breaks into many fragments that become new individuals |
| asexual reproduction | no egg or sperm used, provides for rapid increase in numbers |
| spore formation | contains a nucleus, can remain dormant for a long time |
| vegetative reproduction | pieces of plants break off and grow into new plants |
| clones | identical to parent |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes similar in size, shape, and genetic content |
| gametes | specialized reproductive cells |
| ovum | mature female gamete |
| sperm or spermatozoon | mature male gamete |
| fertilization | male and female gamete fuse to form a zygote |
| zygote | 1st cell of the new organism |
| embryo | a divided zygote that gradually grows into an independent organism that is later born |
| Interphase | phase of cell cycle where cell grows to full size |
| Prophase | Stage of cell cycle where chromatid pairs shorten and thicken; spindle fibers begin to form |
| Metaphase | Stage of cell cycle where chromatid pairs line up along the equator of the spindle |
| Anaphase | Stage of cell cycle where each pair of chromatids split at the centromere |
