| A | B |
|---|
| prophase 1 | duplicated chromosome condensed to threadlike form, then rod like form; crossing over occurs |
| metaphase 1 | all chromosomes positioned at equator |
| anaphase 1 | chromosome separated from its homologue, moved to opposite poles of spindle |
| telophase 1 | cytoplasm divides, there are two cells. each a hapliod number of chromosomes but still in duplicated state |
| prophase 2 | chromosomes become attached to the spindle and start moving towards the equator |
| metaphase 2 | chromosomes positioned at equator |
| anaphase 2 | sister chromatids separated; new daughter chromosomes moved to opposite poles |
| telophase 2 | four daughter nuclie form; when cytoplasm divides each new cell is haploid. original chromosome number been reduced by half. one or all of these cells may become gametes |
| chiasma | where DNA joins up with other DNA and cross over |
| locus | segment of DNA (chromosomes) where a gene is located |
| quantitative | lots of numbers |
| gene locus | location of a particular gene on a chromosome |
| pair of alleles | (each being a certain molecular form of a gene at a given locus) on a pair of homologous chromosomes |
| three gene pairs | (at three different locations on a pair of homologous chromosomes) same as three pair of alleles |
| cross fertilization | pollen from stamens fertilize eggs from same plant in carpels. remove stamen from one plant to fert. w/ polen from diff plant |
| mendelian inheritance | assumes each trait being examined on a different chromosome |
| nondisjunction | chromosomes do not separate at anaphase 1 during meiosis |
| environmental effect | environment conditions contribute to variable gene expression among individuals of a population |
| incomplete dominance | inbetween both- have half as much dominance |
| co-dominance | two different functioning proteins made |
| single ring structures | T and C |
| double ring structures | A and G |
| hormones | molecules produce one cell type to be picked up by another cell type |
| androngen insensitivity syndrom | produce high levels of testosterone but phenotypically a female |
| replication fork | molecule comes in a splits, enzyme come in and synthesizes... |
| primer | short stretch of DNA used in replication fork |
| Okasaki | discovered strand assembly is continuous only on one parent template; discontinuous on other strand; exposed group is only type where nucleotide units can be joined together |
| alcaptanuria | black urine |
| transcription | sequence of nucleotides in DNA is copied to RNA |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that copies DNA sequence into RNA; can recognize promoters |
| polyadenylation | adds lots of A's |
| translation | makes proteins in accordance with a code embedded in DNA |
| mRNA | carries genetic message to be transcribed into protein |
| tRNA | carries amino acids to ribose and matches to mRNA to put them in correct order |
| rRNA | used to make ribosomes |
| degenerate | more than one codon for many amino acids |
| mutations | change the sequence of nucleotides in DNA |
| missense mutation | changes some sense codon to another sense codon |
| nonsense mutation | take sense codon and through mutation change it to nonsense mutation |
| frameshift mutation | add or delete a base |
| mutagens | agents that cause change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA; carcinogens |
| regulator gene | lac repression gene |
| Barr bodies | number of X chromosomes minus 1 |
| recombination | occurs in Prophase 1 of meiosis |
| autosomal | refer to 22 pair chromosomes that don't determine sex |
| sex linked | deals with 1 pair of chromosomes that determines sex |
