| A | B |
|---|
| Holy Roman Empire | vast lands from Germany to Italy |
| Otto I | Worked closely with the church, took army into Italy to help the pope and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. |
| Henry IV | King of Germany who later became Holy Roman Emperor. Claimed that Bishops held Royal Fiefs in order to hold power. |
| Gregory VII | Pope during the same time period as Henry IV. At this point in time the conflict between monarchs and popes erupted due to the wanting to separate Church and State |
| Lay Investiture | The practice of a non-religious institution or person appointing and rewarding bishops |
| Fredrick Barbarossa | Dreamed of building an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic. Attempted to control Northern Italy until Church came to the rescue. |
| Pope Innocent III | Claimed supremacy over all other rulers. Clashed with all over the powerful rulers during his time and usually won. |
| Fredrick II | Son of Red Beard, he pursued ambitions in Italy, clashing repeatedly and unsuccessfully with several popes. Actions resulted in a fragmented region under constant struggle. |
| Pope Boniface VIII | Clashed with Philip IV in taxation of clergy. |
| Philip IV | Clashed with the pope over religious taxation. After instilling a French pope, the papal power structure was in decline. |
| Confronted | came face to face with; opposed boldly |
| Red Beard | nick name for Frederick Barbarossa |
| Compromise | an agreement reached by adjustment of conflicting or opposing claims |
| Concordat of Worms | A treaty declared that the church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority, While secular rulers could invest in fiefs. |
| Supremacy | supreme authority or power |
