| A | B |
|---|
| republic | a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the people |
| patrician | in ancient Rome, a member of the wealthy, privileged upper class |
| plebeian | in ancient Rome, one of the common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up most of the population |
| tribune | in ancient Rome, an official elected by the plebeians to protect their rights |
| consul | in the Roman republic, one of the two powerful officials elected each year to command the army and direct the governments |
| senate | in ancient Rome, the supreme governing body, originally made up only of aristocrats |
| dictator | in ancient Rome, a political leader given absolute power to make laws and command the army for a limited time |
| legion | military unit of an ancient Roman army, made up of about 5000 foot soldiers and a group of soldiers on horseback |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian general who was a brilliant military strategist |
| Scipio | Roman general that defeated Carthage |
| civil war | conflict between two political groups within the same country |
| Julius Caesar | leader who brought order to Rome and was named dictator for life |
| triumvirate | in ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government |
| absolute ruler | one who has total power |
| Augustus | adopted son of Caesar and sole ruler of Rome |
| Pax Romana | a period of peace & prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 BC to AD 180 |
| gladiator | in ancient Rome, one of the professional fighters who engaged in battles to the death in public arenas |
| Jesus | preacher and founder of Christianity |
| apostle | one of the followers of Jesus who preached and spread his teachings |
| Peter | the first apostle of Jesus |
| Paul | spread and interpreted Christ's teachings |
| Diaspora | the dispersal of the Jews from their homeland in Palestine after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem for 1,800 years |
| bishop | high-ranking Christian official who supervises a number of local churches |
| pope | the bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church |
| Constantine | Roman emperor that converted to Christianity and stopped the persecution of Christians |
| heresy | religious beliefs or opinions that differ from the official teachings of a Christian church |
| inflation | a decline in the value of money, accompanied by a rise in the prices of goods and services |
| mercenary | a soldier who is paid to fight in a foreign army |
| Diocletian | a Roman leader that restored order by governing as an absolute leader and by limiting personal freedoms |
| Constantinople | capital city of the Byzantine empire |
| Alaric | king of the Visigoths that marched across the Alps to Rome |
| Attila | chieftain and leader of the Huns(nomadic mongols) 100,000 soldiers that attacked and plundered 70 cities |
| Greco-Roman | an ancient culture that developed from a blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman cultures |
| Pompeii | an ancient Roman city preserved due to Mount Vesuvius erupting in A.D. 79 |
| Virgil | writer of the Aeneid which was a famous work of Latin literature |
| Tacitus | Roman historian |
| aqueduct | a pipeline or channel built to carry water to populated areas |
