| A | B |
|---|
| Sumerians | First people to develop an advanced civilzation in Mesopotamia. |
| Empire | Groups of different lands and peoples under one ruler. |
| Fertile Crescent | This large arc of land starts at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and curves northward and then south, ending at the Persian Gulf. |
| Cunneiform | First system of writing which consisted of wedge-shaped marks. |
| Gilgamesh | A Sumerian poetry similar to Noah and his ark in the Bible. |
| City-State | A city in which farms and villages are around it. |
| Ziggurats | Also known as temples. |
| Sargon | His rule lasted 55 years and forced the city-states to unite under his rule. |
| Hammurabi | The greatest ruler of the Babylonian Empire. |
| Babylon | The capital city of Babylonia |
| Hammurabi's Code | 300 written law codes which provided rules for everyday living. |
| Astronomers | Scholars who studied the stars and planets. |
| Lunar calendar | A calendar based on the phases of the moon. |
| Hittites | Their greatest advantage were weapons made of iron. |
| Hittites' weapons | Made of iron instead of bronze. |
| Hittites' system of law | Requires legal payment for crimes or wrongdoing--not as harsh as Hammurabi's Code |
| Phoenicians | Merchants and sea traders |
| Carthage | One of the greatest trading colonies. |
| Phoenicians' alphabet | Used 22 symbols to represent sounds. |
| Hebrews | People of ancient Israel |
| Monotheism | Belief in one god. |
| Polytheism | Belief in many gods |
| Judaism | Religion of the Hebrews which influenced the development of Islam and Christianity. |
| Old Testament | Much of the Hebrews' history recorded here. |
| Saul | First king of the Hebrews |
| David | A great king who built the city of Jerusalem |
| Solomon | He beautified Jerusalem. |
| Assyrians | Excellent soldiers and known for cruelty. |
| cavalry | soldiers on horseback |
| Iron | Assyrians' weapons were made of this. |
| Chaldeans | Created the New Babylonian Empire and also known for cruelty. |
| Nebuchadnezzar | Rebuilt the city of Babylon. |
| Astrologers | Chaldeans became this because they studied the movements of stars and planets; invented the zodiac signs. |
| Persians | Ancestors of present-day Iran. |
| Cyrus the Great | Persian general who conquered most of the Fertile Crescent. |
| Provinces | Persian Empire was divided into this. |
| Satrap | govenor who ruled the provinces. |
| Inspectors | Eyes and Ears of the King who traveled to provinces. |
| Zoroaster | He started the religion called Zoroastrianism; teachings of good and evil |
| Ahura Mazda | The god who represented good |
| Alexander the Great | He conquered the Persians. |
| Menes | He united Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom. |
| Ancient Egypt | Divided into two parts: Upper and Lower Egypt. |
| Dynasty | A succession of rulers from the same family. |
| Pharohs | Rulers of Egypt were called this. |
| Thutmose the Third | An important pharoh who was also a military genius. |
| Ramses the Second | Another important pharoh who expanded Egypt. |
| Hatshepsut | The first woman pharoh. |
| Re | Egyptian Sun god of the living |
| Osiris | Egyptian God of the Underworld who represented the forces of good. |
| Set | Egyptian God who represented the forces of evil. |
| Iris | Egyptian goddess of life and fertility. |
| Pyramids | Huge tombs of the pharohs that houses the mummies. |
| Tutankhamen | This pharoh's tomb was discovered by Howard Carter in 1922. |
| Priests | Great influence in the lives of the Egyptians. |
| Akhenaton | Egyptian pharoh who tried to turn his people away from polytheism to monotheism. |
| Hieroglyphs | Egyptians' system of writing which involved pictures and symbols. |
| Papyrus | Egyptian made paper out of this plant. |
| Mummification | The process of treating a body with herbs and oils and then wrapping it tightly in narrow strips of linen cloths before placing it in a sealed tomb. |
| Egyptian calendar | Their calendar divided the year into 12 months and 365 days. |
| The Celtic civilization were spread out in what continent? | Europe |
| In what ways were the Celts like modern people? | They believed in equal rights, democracy and justice. |
| What tools used by the Celts improved farming in Europe? | iron plows and and iron scythes. |
| druids | Celtic priests |
| How did the Celts keep track of great events in their past? | They were remembered in oral forms told by bards. |
| bards | They were specially trained men who memorized and recited poems. |
| Gauls | The Romans called the Celts this. |
| Today Celtic heritage can be seen most strongly in what countries? | Ireland, Scotland and Wales |
| Gaelic | The language of the Celts. |
