| A | B |
|---|
| Chemical or nuclear reaction? Occurs when bonds are broken and formed | chemical |
| Chemical or nuclear reaction? occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays | nuclear |
| Chemical or nuclear reaction?atoms remain unchanged although they may be rearranged | chemical |
| chemical or nuclear? atoms are often converted into atoms of another element | nuclear |
| Chemical or nuclear? Involve only valence electrons | chemical |
| Chemical or nuclear? may involve protons, neutrons, and electrons | nuclear |
| Chemical or nuclear? associated with small energy changes | chemical |
| Chemical or nuclear? associated with large energy changes | nuclear |
| Chemical or nuclear? Reaction rate is influenced by temperature, pressure, concentration, and catalysts | chemical |
| Chemical or nuclear? reaction rate is not normally affected by temperature, pressure, or catalysts | nuclear |
| He discovered x-rays and found that invisible rays were emitted when electrons bombarded the surface of certain materials | Wilhelm Rogers |
| He accidentally discovered that phosphorescent uranium salts even when not exposed to light produced spontaneous emissions that darkened photographic plates | Henri Becquerel |
| The concluded that the darkening of the photographic plates was due to rays emitted specifically form the uranium atoms present in the mineral sample | Marie Curie and husband Pierre |
| The process by which materials give off rays | radioactivity |
| The rays and particles emitted by a radioactive source? | radiation |
| Atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons. | isotopes |
| isotopes of atoms with unstable nuclei | radioisotopes |
| unstable atoms lose energy by emitting one of several types of radiation to attain more stable atomic configurations | radioactive decay |
| What are the three most common types of radiation | alpha, beta, and gamma |
| What kind of charge does an alpha particle carry? | 2+ |
| What kind of charge does a beta particle carry? | 1- |
| Why aren't alpha particles very penetrating? | because of their mass and charge, alpha particles are relatively slow moving compared with other types of radiation |
| What is a very fast moving electron that has been emitted from the neuron of an unstable nucleus? | beta particle |
| Why do beta particles have greater penetrating power than alpha particles? | They are lightweight and fast moving |
| These are high energy(short wavelength) electromagnetic radiation that carry no charge. The emission of these rays do not change the atomic number of the mass number of a nucleus. | gamma rays |
| What determines the type of radioactive decay that will occur? | neutron to proton ratio of the nucleus that determines the stability of an atom |
| What are nucleons? | positively charged protons and neutral neutrons |
| Why are more neutrons needed as the atomic number increases? | More neutrons are needed to produce a stong nuclear force that is sufficient to balance the electrostatic repulsion forces |
| This type of decay decreases the number of neutrons in the nucleus? | Beta decay |
| What nuclei are radioactive and decay spontaneously? | all nuclei with more than 83 protons |
| A radioactive decay process that involves the emission of a proton from the nucleus. A proton in the nucleus is converted into a neutron and a positron and then the positron is emitted. | positron emission |
| A common radioactive decay process that decreases the number of protons in unstable nuclei by drawing in an electron which combines with the proton to form a neutron. | electron capture |
| The particle emitted in (4/2 He), the mass number decreased by four and the atomic number increases by two. | alpha decay |
| The particle emitted is (0/-1 B), the mass does not change but the atomic number increases by 1 | Beta decay |
| The particle emitted is (o/1 B), the mass number does not change but the atomic number decreases by 1 | positron emission |
| The particle emitted in this radioactive decay process is an x-ray photon, mass number does not change but the atomic number decreases by 1 | electron capture |
| The particle emitted is (0/0 y), the mass number does not change and the atomic number does not change. | gamma decay |
| A series of nuclear reactions that begins with an unstable nucleus and results in the formation of a stable nucleus | radioactive decay series |
| one element is converted into another element by the spontaneous emission of radiation | radioactive decay |
| the conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another element | transmutation |
| His experiment demonstrated that nuclear reactions can be induced or produced artificially | Ernest Rutherford |
| The process which involves striking nuclei with high-velocity charged particles | induced transmutation |
| Commonly called "atom smashers" are built to produce the high-speed particles needed to induce transmutation | Particle accelerators |
| The elements immediately following uranium in the periodic table-elements with atomic numbers of 93 and greater that are produced in the lab by induced transmutation and are radioactive. | Transuranium elements |
| The time required for one-half of a radioisotope nuclei to decay into its product. | Half-life |
| Each radioisotope has its own characteristic ________ which remains constant regardless of changes in temperature, pressure, and concentration. | half-life |
| The process of determining the age of an object by measuring the amount of a certain radioisotope remaining in that object | readiochemical dating |
| A type of radiochemical dating that is commonly used to measure the age of artifacts that were once part of a living organism like the human skeleton | carbon dating |
| Carbon-14 only dates objects up to __________ years of age | 24,000 |
| The decay process of what radioisotope is used to date objects such as rocks? | uranium-238 to lead-206 |
| How are energy and mass related? | by Einstein's most famous equation. E=mc(squared). Change in energy(joules) is equal to the change in mass(kg) times the speed of light |
| Why is Einstein's equation of major importance for all chemical and nuclear reactions? | It means that a loss or gain in mass accompanies any reaction that produces or consumes energy |
| What do we call the amount of energy needed to break one mole of nuclei into individual nucleons? | nuclear binding energy |
| Why are elements with a mass number near 60 the most stable? | because the binding energy per nucleon reaches a maximum around a mass number of 60 |
| The mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the masses of the individual protons and neutrons that comprise it | Mass defect |
| The splitting of a nucleus into fragments which is accompanied by a very large release of energy | nuclear fission |
| The self-sustaining process in which one reaction initiates the next. The explosion from an atomic bomb. | chain reaction |
| The chain reaction stops because neutrons escape the sample before causing sufficient fissions to sustain the reaction. | subcritical mass |
| The chain reaction accelerates as neutrons cause more and more fissions to occur | supercritical mass |
| nuclear fission produces the energy generated by nuclear reactors. This energy is used to primarily generate | electricity |
| What fuels the energy production of a nuclear reactor? | a common fuel is fissionable uranium oxide encased in corrosion-resistant fuel rods |
| Reactors able to produce more fuel than they use | breeder reactors |
| How is the design of a nuclear power plant and that of a fossil burning plant similar? | In both cases, heat from a reaction is used to generate steam. The steam is then used to drive turbines that produce electricity |
| How is the design of a nuclear power plant and that of a fossil fuel burning plant not similar? | In a typical fossil fuel power plant, the chemical combustion of coal, oil, or gas generates the heat whereas in a nuclear power plant, a nuclear fission generates heat. |
| The binding together of two or more light (less than 60 mass number) and less stable nuclei to form a single more stable nucleus | nuclear fusion |
| How is the sun powered? | a series of fusion reactions as hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium atoms |
| Fusion reactions which have high energy requirements that are achieved only at extremely high temperatures and not practical for controlled electrical power generation | Thermonuclear reactions |
| uses a strong magnetic field to contain the fusion reaction | a tokamak reactor |
| Why have scientists spent several decades researching nuclear fusion? | because there is a trememdous abundance of lightweight isotopes such as hydrogen that can be used to fuel fusion reactions. Fusion reaction products are generally not radioactive |
| radiation energetic enough to ionize matter with which it collides is called... | ionizing radiation |
| a radiation detection device that measures different radiation levels by measuring the electric currents produced by ionizing radiation | the geiger counter |
| a radiation detection device that uses a phosphorcoated surface to detect radiation | scintillation counter |
| TV, watches, computer monitors all use these bright flashes of light that are produced when ionizing radiation excites the electrons in certain types of atoms called phosphors. | scintillation |
| used to detect trace amounts of elements present in a sample | neutron activation analysis |
| can be used to follow a course of an element through a chemical reaction | radioisotope |
| a radioisotope that emits non-ionizing radiation and is used to signal the presence of an element or specific substance | radiotracer |
| In this procedure, a radiotracer that decays by positron emission is injected into the patient's bloodstream. | PET (positron emission transaxial tomography) |
| used to treat cancer by destroying the fast-growing cancer cells | radiation therapy |
| An atom or molecule that contains one or more unpaired electrons and is one example of the highly reactive products of ionizing radiation. They can affect a large number of molecules and ultimately disrupt the operation of normal cells. | free radical |
| affects only nonreproductive body tissue and therefore affects the organism only during its lifetime | somatic damage |
| can affect offspring because it may not become apparent for several generations | genetic damage |
| what two units are commonly used to measure radiation doses? | rem and rod |
