| A | B |
|---|
| Mu’awiyah | founded the Umayyad Dynasty by making caliphate hereditary |
| Hussein | fought against Umayyad rule and led to split of Islam |
| Battle of Tours | stopped Arab expansion in Europe |
| Shiites | followers of the descendants of Ali. |
| Sunni | accepted the Umayyad rule |
| Abu Al’Abbas | overthrew Umayyad Dynasty and established Abbasid Dynasty |
| Harun al-Rashid | best known caliph of Abbasid Dynasty known for charity; supported artists and writers. |
| Vizier | prime minister who assisted the caliph under the Abbasid Dynasty |
| Seljuk Turks | nomadic people from Central Asia hired by the Fatidids as soldiers |
| Sultan | “holder of power” |
| Alexius I | Byzantine emperor who asked the Christian states of Europe for help against the Turks |
| Saladin | a Muslim sultan who fought Christian Crusaders |
| Mongols | a pastoral people destructive conquerors who ended Abbasid Dynastyconquests |
| Abu Bakr | first caliph; Muhammad's father in law |
| Ali | Muhammad's son in law, caliph for 5 years |
| Mu'awaiyah | rival of Ali; caliph who only used force when necessary |
| Fatmid Dynasty | hired Seljuk Turks as soldiers; moved Islam center to Egypt |
| mosque | Muslim house of worship |
| jihad | struggle in the way of God |
| Berbers | a pastoral people living along the Mediterranean coast of North Africa |
| Syria | Byzantine province conquered by Arabs |
