| A | B |
|---|
| bull-leaping | favorite sport of Minoan Civilization |
| Minoan Civilization located on __?__ | island of Crete |
| Crete | home of 1st Greek culture |
| Aegean Sea | the "lily pad" around which Greek city-states were located |
| Sea of Marmara | body of water linking Aegean Sea and Black Sea |
| 3/4 of Greek lands | comprised of mountainous lands |
| Sir Arthur Evans | 1900 AD. discovered ancient Minoan ruins at Knossos |
| Knossos | capital city of Minoan culture |
| labyrinth | maze |
| bull | important god to Minoan people |
| minotaur | body of man; head of bull |
| centaur | body of stallion; torso of man |
| What destroyed Minoan civilization? | underwater earthquake followed by tidal wave |
| Mycenaeans | settled on mainland Greece in hilltop fortresses |
| Dorians | brought in the Dark Age of Greece; used iron weapons |
| bard | singing storyteller |
| Homer | Greece's favorite ancient bard; wrote "Iliad" and "Odyssey" |
| "Iliad" | story of Trojan War (by Homer) |
| "Odyssey" | story of Odysseus' return home from Trojan War |
| Trojan Horse | supposedly allowed Troy to be overcome |
| Heinrich Schliemann | excavated Troy |
| Troy | ancient city located 9 levels down (when excavated) |
| Greek dieties | had human characteristics, tempers |
| Zeus | god of gods, thunder, sky |
| Athena | goddess of wisdom & art; patron goddess of Athens |
| Apollo | Zeus's son; god of light and the sky |
| Mt. Olympus | home of all the Greek gods and goddesses |
| Oracle at Delphi | predicted future |
| 2 ancient Greek festivals which still continue | Olympic games and play to honor Dionysus |
| 4 factors which united Greeks | language, religion, ancestory, & Olympics |
| polis | Greek city-state |
| acropolis | fortified hilltop containing temples at center of each polis |
| agora | business and government center located near acropolis in each polis |
| citizen | "one who takes part in government" |
| non-citizens | women, slaves, foreigners |
| colonies | established by each polis to insure adequate amount of grain |
| Greek grains | wheat, barley |
| "debt slavery" | continuing problem for Greeks which resulted in the demand for political reforms |
| phalanx | a walking tank; maximum protection for footsoldiers |
| monarchy | government controlled by a King/Queen |
| aristocracy | government controlled by a wealthy class of citizens |
| oligarchy | government controlled by a few wealthy men |
| tyranny | government controlled by a strong individual who takes power |
| democracy | government controlled by the citizens |
| Sparta | polis comprised of descendents of the Dorians; warlike |
| helot | Spartan slave; made up 95% of population |
| imperfect infants | in Sparta, left on hillside to die |
| ephor | one of 5 "city-councilmen" of ancient Sparta; |
| 2 Kings | Sparta; allowed government at home and in warfare |
| Spartan characteristics | athletic; never backing down; bravery; daring |
| Draco | Athenian tyrant; gave code of written law (but it was harsh) |
| Solon | Athenian tyrant; cancelled land debts and freed land debtors from slavery |
| tyrant | person who takes power and tries to bring change; can be positive or negative |
| Peisistratus | Athenian tyrant; broke up large estates & gave land to the poor |
| Cleisthenes | Athenian tyrant; made Athens more democratic by allowing more people to become citizens |
| lottery | method of election in Athens |
| Why did Athenians use a lottery for an election? | believed that any citizen educated in Athens was capable to hold office |
| rhetoric | art of public speaking; very important in Athens |
| education of Athenian females | taught to run a home |
| education of Athenian males | gymnastics, geometry, rhetoric, arithmetic, drawing, music, history, "Iliad" and "Odyssey" |
| revolt of Miletus, supported by Athens | led to Persian Wars |
| Persian Wars | (3 of them) Persia against Athens (helped by other city-states) |
| Cyrus | Persian emperor; unified Persia |
| Darius | son of Cyrus; Persian emperor; hated Athens; lost 1st and 2nd Persian Wars |
| Xerxes | son of Darius; Persian Emperor; lost 3rd Persian War |
| Battle of Marathan | site of defeat of Persians (2nd Persian War) |
| Pheidippides | Athenian runner; ran first unoffical marathan |
| Leonidas | Spartan King; held Persian off at Thermopylae to give Athens time to win |
| Themistocles | Athenian general; wanted large "wooden wall" of ships to protect Athens |
| Thermopylae | Spartans stood to the death; today used to refer to a battle which is fought against impossible odds |
| Xerxes' throne | on hill overlooking Athens; watched his troops being defeated |
| Xerxes' ships | large, cumbersome; easily defeated by Athenian smaller vessels |
| Pericles | leader of Athens during Golden Age |
| Peloponnesus | landform in southern Greece where Sparta was located |
| symposium | dinner, social setting; allowed free exchange of ideas, entertainment |
| Aspasia | metic; brilliant woman who entertained at symposiums; married Pericles |
| metic | a foreigner in a Greek polis |
| Peloponnesian War | war of power between Athens and Sparta; Sparta won |
| Athenian pride | did not allow surrender to Sparta |
| plague | typhus; attacked Athens during Peloponnesian War |
| siege of Athens | 1/3 of population died, including Pericles |
| mercenaries | hired soldiers |
| result of Persian Wars | Athens and Greek polises defeat Persia |
| result of Peloponnesian War | totally exhausted both sides; Greek power is not regained |
| Pyrrhic victory | name given to a victory which is earned at horrid expense |
