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| hypha | a long, branching filamentous cell of a fungus |
| mycelium | the vegetative part of a fungus , consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae |
| asexual reproduction | Reproduction that does not involve the manufacture and fusion of sex cells (gametes) from two parents. Asexual reproduction has advantages in that there is no need to search for a mate; every asexual organism can reproduce on its own |
| sporangium | the case or sac in which spores are produced |
| sporangiospore | spore produced by fungi: a spore produced by a hollow single- or multicelled organ sporangium in fungi, ferns, and some other plant |
| zygospore | a reproductive part of a fungus, a chlamydospore that is created by the nuclear fusion of haploid hyphae of different mating types |
| gametangia | an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists , algae , fungi , and the gametophytes of plants |
| stolons | Fungi spread by means of horizontal filaments (hyphae) that are also called stolons. |
| spores | a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions |
| rhizoids | small branching hyphae that grow downwards from the stolons that anchor the fungus. They release digestive enzymes and absorb digested organic material |
| fertilization | the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism. |
| bacteria | have only one cell each. They can be round (coccus), rodlike (bacillus), or curved (vibrio, spirillum, or spirochete). Bacteria live almost everywhere on Earth, including the soil, water, organic matter, and the bodies of multicellular animals (eukaryotes). Some bacteria benefit humans and other plants and animals. Others are harmful; bacteria are the chief cause of infectious diseases in humans. |
| viruses | an infectious agent, often highly host-specific, consisting of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses infect virtually every life form, including humans, animals, plants, fungi |
| protozoa | single-celled Eukaryotes, mostly too small to be seen with the naked eye but visible in the average microscope. |
| eukaryotes | A single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus |
| prokaryotes | a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus or any other membrane -bound organelles |
