| A | B |
|---|
| voicing/phonation | periodic sound |
| airflow obstructed/constricted | aperiodic sound |
| open vocal tract, resonance | formant structure |
| res, change in artic position | formant transition |
| res, no artic position change | steady-state formants |
| non res, complete airflow obstruction | stop gap |
| quick release of airflow obstruction | brief noise burst |
| nonres, airflow constriction | fricative noise |
| res, oral obstruction, velopharyngeal opening | nasal |
| voicing and nonres production | aperiodic + periodic energy |
| voiceless stop production | high amplitude noise, long-lag VOT |
| voiced stop production | low amplitude noise, 0ms/short lag VOT |
| vowel, high tongue position | low F1 |
| vowel, low tongue position | high F1 |
| front vowel | high F2 |
| back vowel | low F2 |
| lip rounding, vowels | lowered formant frequencies |
| longer vocal tract | lower formant frequencies |
| shorter vocal tract | higher formant frequencies |
| phonation, tense vocal folds | high fundamental freq. (f0) |
| phonation, loose vocal folds | low fundamental freq. (f0) |
| /r/ production | F3 < F3 for adjacent vowels |
| /l/ production | F3 = F3 for adjacent vowels |
| strident, back place of artic | peaked spectrum, higher amp. |
| nonstrident, front place of artic | flat spectrum, lower amp. |
| bilabial nasal | lowest freq. nasal murmur |
| bilabial stop | flat/falling noise spectrum |
| lingua-alveolar stop | diffuse, rising noise spectrum |
| lingua-velar stop | compact, mid frequency spectrum |
| (affricate) obstruction released into constriction | stop gap + short fricative noise |
