| A | B |
|---|
| Philosophy | (Loving Wisdom) – The study of logic and wisdom |
| Contrapposto | A pose for a sculpture where a figure stands with one leg holding its full weight and the other leg relaxed. |
| Polytheism | Belief in many gods |
| Acropolis | Means “high city and sacred rock” – Site of ancient Greek temples and ruins in central Athens |
| Renaissance | Means “Rebirth” - A cultural movement happening around the 1400-1600’s that reflect a growth in intellectual life |
| Feudalism | A system of obligations that bound lords and their subjects in Europe during much of the Middle Ages. In theory, the king owned all or most of the land and gave it to his leading nobles in return for their loyalty and military service. The nobles in turn held land that peasants, including serfs, were allowed to farm in return for the peasants' labor and a portion of their produce. Under feudalism, people were born with a permanent position in society. |
| Proletariat | The class of workers, esp. industrial wage earners, who do not possess capital or property and must sell their labor to survive. |
| Proletariat | A social class of people, characterized by their ownership of capital and the related culture. |
| Origin of Species | book written by Charles Darwin outlining his theory of evolution |
| Industrial Revolution | A move from man-labor to machine-labor and industry |
| Militarism | The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. |
| Alliances | An agreement between two or more parties, made in order to advance common goals and to secure common interests. |
| Imperialism | Expansion of a countries territory |
| Nationalism | Pride for one’s country |
| Blitzkrieg | (Lightning War) – This combined air power with tanks and mechanized troops to strike swiftly before defenders could react |
| Genocide | Mass killing of an ethnicity or religion |
| Dehumanization | To deprive a group of people of human qualities or attributes |
| antisemitism | Hatred towards people of Jewish faith |
| Communism | A system of social organization in which all economic and social activity is controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by a single person. |
| Socialism | A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. |
| Nazism | The ideology and practice of the Nazis, especially the policy of racist nationalism, national expansion, and state control of the economy |
| Fascism | A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism. |
| Pacifists | Policy which is opposed to war or to violence of any kind |
| Marshall Plan | European economic recovery plan funded by the US after WWII |
| NATO | (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) alliance of Western European countries and the US – Meant to oppose communism and the Warsaw Pact |
| Warsaw Pact | alliance of Eastern European countries and the USSR – Meant to spread communism |
| Iron Curtain | Term for Eastern Europe being communist and under control of the USSR |
| Containment | The policy of stopping and preventing the spread of communism |
| Brinksmanship | the practice of pushing a dangerous situation to the verge of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome |
| Solidarity | unity (as of a group or class) that produces or is based on community of interests |
| Discontinuous Region | A group of areas that are not directly next to each other |
| Decentralized Government | the process of dispersing decision-making governance closer to the people or citizens and away from a central, national government |
| Fjords | where glaciers formed deep, steep valleys that are now filled with saltwater; often found on the coastlines of Scandinavian countries |
| Polders | low-lying land that has been recovered from a large body of water |
| Westerlies | winds that blow from the west |
| Navigable | Where a body of water is deep and wide enough for shipping |
