| A | B |
|---|
| cash crop | grown primarily for market |
| plantations | large commercial estates where many laborers lived on the land and cultivated the crops for landowners |
| indentured servants | an individual who contracts to work for a colonist for a specified number of years in exchange for transportation to the colonies, food, clothing, and shelter |
| Eliza Lucas | 17-year-old that discovered in the early 1740s that indigo needed high ground and sandy soil |
| gentry | wealthy landowners in the South, also called the planter elite |
| subsistence farming | farming only enough food to feed one's family |
| Tidewater | a region along the coast where most wealthy planters lived in Virginia |
| Royal African Company | granted a charter by King Charles II to engage in the slave trade |
| Olaudah Equiano | kidnapped from his West African home, sold into slavery, and shipped to America |
| Middle Passage | the difficult journey slaves endured in crossing the Atlantic Ocean to the Americans |
| slave code | set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people |
| Grand Banks | shallow region in the Atlantic Ocean where the mixing of the warm Gulf Stream and the cold North Atlantic produce environment suitable for plankton |
| fall line | the area where rivers descend from a high elevation to a lower one, causing waterfalls |
| town meetings | a gathering of free men in a New England town to elect leaders which developed into the local town government |
| selectmen | men chosed to manage a town's affairs |
| meetinghouse | a Puritan church |
| bills of exchange | credit slip given by English merchants to planters in exchange for sugar or other goods |
| triangular trade | a three-way trade route that exchanged goods between the American colonies and two other trading partners |
| artisan | a skilled worker who practices a trade or handicraft |
| entrepreneur | one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise |
| capitalist | person who invests wealth, particularly money, in a business |
| mercantilism | the theory that a state's power depends on its wealth |
| Charles II | assumed English throne in 1660 |
| Staple Act | navigation act required everything the colonies imported to come through England |
| James II | succeeded his brother Charles to English throne in 1685-asserted royal authority and punishing merchants |
| Dominion of New England | English government merged Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Rhode Island together into this royal province |
| Sir Edmund Andros | first governor-general appointed by James II |
| Glorious Revolution | bloodless change of power in England when William took power after James fles |
| English Bill of Rights | abolished the king's absolute power to suspend laws and creat his own courts |
| Toleration Act | granting freedom of worship to nearly all Protestants but not to Catholics and Jews |
| natural rights | fundamental rights all people are born possessing, including the right to life, liberty, and property |
| Cotton Mather | a Puritan leader that read the Turks had an inoculation for smallpox and lead for it to be used in Boston |
| Pennsylvania Dutch | Germans that settled in Pennsylvania |
| Stono Rebellion | 75 Africans that attacked their white overseers trying to get to freedom in Spanish Florida |
| Enlightenment | movement during the 1700s that promoted science, knowledge, and reason |
| Great Awakening | movement during the 1700s that stressed dependence on God |
| rationalism | philosophy that emphasizes the role of logic and reason in gaining knowledge |
| John Locke | earliest and most influential Enlightenment writers-theory of government and natural rights |
| Baron Montesquieu | Enlightenment writer that suggested three types of political power-executive, legislative, and judicial |
| pietism | movement in the 1700s that stressed an individual's piety and an emotional union with God |
| revivals | large public meeting for preaching and prayer |
| Jonathan Edwards | preacher aimed to restore New England's spiritual intensity |
| George Whitefield | Anglican minister and powerful speaker-part of Great Awakening |
| Sir William Berkeley | governor of Virginia in 1660s that along with wealthy planters dominated society |
