| A | B |
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| enlighttenment | period in the 1700s when philosophers believed that they could apply the scientific method and use reason to explain human nature logically |
| rationalism | belief that truth can be arrived at solely by reason or logical thinking |
| philosopher | thinker or philosopher of the enlightenment |
| salons | gatherine of the social political and cultural elite in france during the enlightenment |
| popular sovereignty | government principle based on just laws and on a government created by and subjec to the will of the people. |
| enlightened despotism | system of governemnt in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the enlightenment |
| Denis Diderot | he edited the encylopedia his co -editor published the first edition of the encylopedia in 28 volums between 1751-1772 |
| Denis Diderot | his writings critizied the church the governemnt the slave trade torture taxes and war |
| Baron de Monstesquieu | published the spirit of thw laws he also tried to describe what he thought was a perfect government he concluded from that ,that the british had the most and nearly most pervect government. |
| Voltaire | french writer exempliefied the spirit of the enlightenment he served 2 sentances in Bastillr (prison). he commented the pololitical system to britian and british customs in philosophical leters. when returned to france he attacked everything that he thought was considered sham or superstition .hye wrote plays,historied, essays, poems and books |
| Voltaire | wrote the novel Candide |
| voltaire | he was a prominent public figure and fought against intolerance and also injustice . |
| jean jacques rousseau | 1749 wrote that history repeats itslef in clycles of decay she also |
| Rousseau | wrote the The Social Contract published in 1762 he wrote that ppl are born good but enviroment and education corrupts them . he believed that he brought corruption and misery |
| what were the main characteristics of Enlightenment thinking ? | tehy believed that everuything had a cause and effect to it they also believed that there is a logical thinking that tehy refer to as the Age of Reason |
| 3 examples of systems of governemnt that philosophes found to be praiseworthy ? | popular soverignty, enlightenment depstism and salons |
| bourgeoisie | city dwelling midle class made up of merchants manufactures |
| tithe | chruch tax collected from chrisitans in early times that represented on tenth of their incoem later ecame a gift to a church represneting one tenth of persons income |
| emirges | nobles who fled france during the revolution |
| departments | administrative districts of france |
| conservatives | persons who do not want to change existing conditions |
| radicals | persons who want to institute far reaching changes |
| moderates | persons who have no extreme view who may side with eitehr conservative or radicals depending on the issues at hand |
| Louis XV | longes reighn 1715-1774 5 yrs old when came to teh throne , lasted 59 years , was also called louis the well- belovedhe had a chance to become the great king when taxes did not make ebough money he borowed more and more mney from the bankers |
| Louis XVI | 1774 over came louis XV he was married to Maria theresa |
| Louis XVI | 1774 louis XVI took over Louis XV married to marie Antoinette . louis was part of teh unpopular alliance between austria and france he was king at age 19, cared more about hunting then governing his country, he taxed the first 2 estates tehy refused which caused riotedthen he hoped that he could get all 3 estates taxed so it would be even . |
| meeting of the estates | the king called teh meeting to discuss teh estates and teh taxation of them 1788 the harvest was bad and tehy were becoming poor,teh meeting of teh estates was to discuss teh third estate b/c tehy werent being taxed when the 1st and 2nd were, tehy hope dit would solve there problems but tehy didnt no what powers and rules each estate had b/c tehy did no tmeet again for 175 years,each estate was aloud one voted only it always outvoted the 3rd estate teh third estate has many representative more then teh 1st and 2nd put 2getherthat why theyt wants the 3 estates to meet together, may 5 1789 is when tehy met louis failed to take action so as of june 17 1789 the third estate declared them sleves as teh national assembly . |
| what was the spread of revolution | louis XVI began bringing troop to paris and to versailles where the representative were meeting he was trying to drive out teh naional assembly by force but the ppl of paris took actionon july 14 1789 they captured bastilles in search of teh nation assembly tehy planed on using weapons to defend teh national assembly teh outbreak led to a new governemnt under the general lafayette he was a french hero who fought un teh american revolution |
| what was the end of the old regime? | august 4 1789 national assembly abolished the last remants of fuedilism in francefollowing that they adopted teh declaration of the rights of an and of the citizen it stated that men were born equal and remain equal b4 the law it proclaimed freedom of speech of the press and of religion. the rights did not go for women they had no rights so a group of women names Olympe de Gouges wrote teh declaration of the rights of womenbut the national assemble rejected it tehy didnt think women were equal to men as men were equal to men |
| what r the refomes in the government? | between 1789 and 1791 they worked on many laws at correcting the abuses and setting a new governemnt nationla assembly reformed frances administrative structure into 83 equal districts called epartment |
| constitution of 1791 | nationla assembly finally finished writing the constitution of franceit limited the authority of the king and set up a governemnt that was divied into three branches excutive judicail and legislative it greatly rediced the powers ot the king he coulnd proclaim laws or block laws from being passed by the legislature.Louis XVI reluctanly consented the liminations imposed on him he hoped that he could over thorw teh governemnt and get the old regime back june 20-21 1791 he and his family attempted to leave the country he was recognized they arrested him and family and sent back to parisppl no longer trusted him since he tried to escape. |
| Legislative Assembly and war | the new governemnt went into affect in october but it only llastd less then a year . there were 3 functions to this new governemnetn the conservative the radicals and the moderatesthe legislative assembly hoped that a succesfull foreign war would increa there own influenc louis XVi favored war b/c he hoped that the foreign would defeat the french only a few ppl thought that war would end in dictatorship april 1792 legislative assembly voted to declare war on austria. |
| conservative | the king had limited authority they sat on the right of the room. |
| radicals | wanted to get rid of the king they sat on the left of the room |
| moderates | tehy had no extreme view they sided with eitherconservatives or radicals depending on the issue at hand. tehy sat in the middle of the room. |
| the end of the monarchy | invasion of france by the austrian and [russian armies made a massive uprise in paris a group of radicals seized control of the city government and set up an organization called hte commune. |
| the national convention | help first meeting in september 1792. they were alkso divided into 3 main groups. but no one suported the king this time teh girondists was one group they many of tehm came from the department of gironde in southwestern the 2nd group is the Jacobins they were eembers f the radical political club they favored domination of paris the third group was consisted of delegates who favored the jacobins. the national convention governed france for 3 years thats when they drew up a new constitution they tried louis XVI on charges of plotting against teh security of of the nation they found him guilty and sentenced him to death on january 21 1793 he was beheaded it was shoking to europe even in the united states. |
| exporting the revolution | national conventaion was told that the french army had defeted the austrians b4 louis XVI was be headed. tehy set up a committe called the publis safety they were to direct army in crushing foreign invaders the consercription was adopted by the commite of public saftey.all men that were unmarried able bodied men from teh age 18 to 25 were liable for military service the counterrelvolution was called this b/c it was aimed counter to or against the revolution .in short counter relovutions suported the old regime |
| the reign of terror | the reigme of terror lasted from september 1793 to july 1794 the revolunionary tribunal aressed reid and excuted many ppl on mere suspician. the guilotine was used to behead people suspected of disloalty regardless of there cals the revoltionaires excited twice as many ppl as the bourgeoisie as nobles and clergy and nearly 3 times as many peasants labores from ppl of all classes spring of 1794 danton made it clear that the reigme of terror made its point and succeded and should be relaxed now but Robespierre frantical and accused danton of disloalty and sent himto death and along withhis followersbut finally in july 1794 the arrested robsepierre and guiltotined him and then teh reigme of terror was over . |
| work of the national convention | it provided a system of public education and abolished slavery it aslo adopted the metric system and weights and measure it afopted a new calender too with colorful names that reflected the seasonsteh calender di not surive but it increased the number of days in a week form 7 to 120. by 1795 the french had driven invaders from french soil and conquered territory as far as the Rhine river in germaany. |
| the directroy | 1795 the national conventaion drafted another constitution universal manhood suffrage disappeared and only male propert owners could vote the wealthy controlled the government as they had under teh rule of the nationla assembly the new constitution has established an excutive branch of five directors:1795 directoires. it governed france for 4 yearsit pleased neitehr teh raidcals nor the conservatives all of the poor ppl suffered it just got even worse as time went on tehy used teh armies to put down teh unrest. it son became as unpopular as teh old regime its became bankrupt and paved way for military dictatprship |
| Napoleon Bonoparte | 1795 to 1799 he came to publics attention.he was a general at age 26. he was born in 1769 on a french island of corsica. he attened military school in france and graduated as a artillary officer. he was five foot 2 inches.he was a great organizer and administrator in both political and military feilds. he is considered the highest rank of all time as being a general. the was fought were non as the napoleonic wars. he took weak small and poorly equiped armys and organzed and inspired them. |
| Napoleons Seizure of Power | his supporters believed that he could only win victory abroad and restore at home fearing that the royalists might seiz control. they organized a plot and over threw the governmentand place napoleon in power. |
| coup d' 'etate | a stroke of a state |
| Napoleon and the Consulate | he reorganized and centralized the administration of france to give him slef unlimited power. he took the title firsy Consul it was use din roman republic.he commanded his army and navy.he had the right to appoint and dismiss all officials and purpose of all new laws.he submitted what is called a plebiscite which u can vote and only in a ye sor no answertehy remmeber him by his military leardership. he estbalished the bank of france his governemnt also established the public education planned by the nationla convention it inclued all types of school elementry high school universities. the civil constitution made amny ppl upset he solved that problem by what is called the concordat and agreement he solved it with teh pope of 1801. he destroyed the 2nd coalition. rusisia deserted in 1799 but 1801 austria asked france for peace in 1802 gret britian and france sighned a peace treaty. |
| Napoleon as Emperor | his supporters move to increase his powers by making it permanent and hereditaru. in 1804 they voted to make france an empire. the pope has come to paris to crown the new emperor. when it came time to put the crown on his head he took it out of his hands and put it on himself.t deminstrated the power that he had not given by any one else.ppl wanted to destroy his empire. great britan renewed there the war against france and in 1805 sweeden allied themsleves to great britain.spain was allied with france. napoleon had planned to defeat teh british navy and invade great britain.Napoleaon succeeded specacualry however in the land battels against austria and russia. |
| The Continental System | naopleon had nothign but contemp for british calling them a nation of shopkeepers.napoloen controlled alot of the conteninet of europe.france and great britain stopped american shipsit helpedf with teh war between great britain and the americanseven tho it hurt france napoleon continued to win battles against the powers in the third coalotion.. |
| the reorganization of Europe | 1808 napoleon had complelty dominated feurope. he ruled the austrian and dutch netherlands and spain and forced Denmark and the papal states into alliances. he abolished the holy roman empire in 1806. he didnt limit the changes he made in eurpoe enlarging his empire.liances he abloished the holy roman empire in 1806 he unified all of the small northern states he didnt limit teh changes he made in europe to enlarging his empire and reorganizing the conquered territories in france the event of the revolustiona nd the stirring words of the declaration of the rightsof man had made ppl think of them selves as french with a country and ideals worth fighting for |
| Nationalism | the loves of ones country |
| The Peninsular war | south of france on the Iberian peninsulalay spain and portugual Napoleon decided to conquer spain. after forcing the spanish king to abdicate napoleon made his brother joseph the king of spain the spainsh ppl revolted that b/c he was a foreign. teh british sent army under arthur wellseley the future duke of wellington to help the spanish and portuguese |
