| A | B |
|---|
| What were some of the features of the Compromise of 1850? | California added as a free state, popular sovereignty in Utah and N. Mexico, Fugitive Slave Act |
| What method was used to settle the slavery issue in the Kansas-Nebraska Act? | popular sovereignty |
| What was the network of abolitionists who helped slaves escape to freedom called? | Underground Railroad |
| Who is best known for their involvement with the Underground Railroad? | Harriet Tubman |
| Which novel increased sectional division in America on the issue of slavery? | Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| What was the primary issue in the Republican party platform? | no slavery in new states/territories |
| Which court case supported the extension of slavery into new territories? | Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) |
| What issue were the Lincoln-Douglas debates about? | slavery in the territories |
| What position is associated with Stephen Douglas's "Freeport Doctrine"? | popular sovereignty |
| Which historical event is an example of John Brown's radical abolitionism? | Harper's Ferry |
| Which historical event resulted in the formation of the Confederacy? | 1860 presidential election of Abraham Lincoln |
| What does "secession" mean? | to separate from the Union |
| Who was the president of the Confederacy? | Jefferson Davis |
| What did the southern states that seceded from the Union call themselves? | The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) or Confederacy |
| What were the primary features of the "Anaconda Plan"? | naval blockade, control the Mississippi River, capture Richmond |
| What was Abraham Lincoln's primary goal in the Civil War? | preserve the union |
| Who became the most important commander of Confederate forces during the Civil War? | Robert E. Lee |
| Which general is most responsible for winning the Civil War? | Ulysses S. Grant |
| Which proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln to make abolition of slavery a new war-time goal for the Union? | The Emancipation Proclamation |
| Which battle was key turning point in the Civil War, resulting in a defeat of Lee's army? | Gettysburg |
| Which battle gave the Union control over the Mississippi River? | Vicksburg |
| What were the Northern anti-war Democrats called during the Civil War? | copperheads |
| How did Lincoln deal with anti-war protests during the Civil War? | jailing protestors and suspending the writ of habeus corpus |
| During the Civil War, what military campaign tried to destroy the South's resources and support for the war? | Sherman's March to the Sea |
| Where did Lee surrender to Ulysses S. Grant? | Appomattox |
| Who assassinated Abraham Lincoln? | John Wilkes Booth |
| After the Civil War, what was the re-unification of Southern states into the Union called? | Reconstruction |
| Which Reconstruction plan was the most lenient? | Lincoln's 10% Plan |
| What were the congressmen who wanted to reform Southern society and extend equal rights to African-Americans called? | Radical Republicans |
| What laws did Southern states enact to try and re-establish their control over former slaves? | black codes |
| Which federal agency was established to provide education and other social services to former slaves? | The Freedmen's Bureau |
| What officially freed the slaves? | The Thirteenth Amendment |
| What did the Republicans in Congress enact to grant equal rights and citizenship to the freedmen? | The Civil Rights Act of 1866 |
| Which legislation set conditions for readmission of Southern states and provided federal troops to enforce law and order? | Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867 |
| Which amendment guaranteed black male suffrage? | The Fifteenth Amendment |
| Why was President Andrew Johnson impeached? | violating the Tenure of Office Act |
| Which group was formed by ex-Confederates during Reconstruction to terrorize blacks and other Republicans? | Ku Klux Klan |
| Which labor system developed in Southern agriculture during Reconstruction? | share-cropping |
| During Reconstruction, the Republican party in the South was made up of which three groups of people? | scalawags, carpetbaggers, and African-Americans |
| What ended Reconstruction? | The Compromise of 1877 |
| Which Amendment was passed to provide lasting citizenship rights and "equal protection under the law" to African-Americans? | The Fourteenth Amendment |
| Which political figure tried to block the Reconstruction plans proposed by Congress? | President Andrew Johnson |
| Which president was elected as a result of the Compromise of 1877? | Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep.) |
| Which political party became the most powerful in the South after Reconstruction ended? | Democratic |
| After Reconstruction ended, what measures were used in Southern states to discriminate against African-Americans? | poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses |
| Where did the Civil War begin? | Fort Sumter (1861) |
| What was the first major battle of the Civil War? | First Bull Run (Manassas-1861) |
| What was the primary issue that resulted in secession? | slavery |
| What issue was the primary cause of the Civil War? | states' rights |
| Alexander Graham Bell developed which invention to improve communication? | telephone |
| Which Thomas Edison invention changed American business and social life the most? | the electric light bulb |
| Where did most of the "old" immigrants--those who came before 1890--come from? | western Europe |
| Where did most "new" immigrants come from after 1890? | southern and eastern Europe |
| What was one of the effects of increased immigration to the United States in the late 1800s? | cheap labor, urbanization, ethnic neighborhoods |
| What housing structures were common in urban neighborhoods with a high population of immigrants? | tenements |
| Which act was a result of nativism? | Chinese Exclusion Act |
| Which industry was improved by the Bessemer process? | steel |
| What was the result of Edwin Drake's discovery? | oil boom |
| What industry was controlled by Andrew Carnegie? | steel |
| Which trust enabled John D. Rockefeller to control the oil industry? | Standard Oil |
| What was J.P. Morgan associated with? | banking and finance |
| What government policy reduced business regulations? | laissez-faire capitalism |
| Which methods were used by business leaders to grow the size of their companies? | horizontal and vertical integration |
| What business structure was used by John D. Rockefeller to eliminate competition in the oil industry? | trust |
| Why did business leaders create "trusts" in the late 1800s? | to eliminate competition |
| Which theory was used to justify the growing wealth of large businesses and the "captains of industry"? | Social Darwinism |
| What is associated with Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth"? | donating funds to libraries, schools, and hospitals |
| What did workers form to fight for better working conditions in the late 1800s? | labor unions |
| Which labor union wanted radical social change? | The Knights of Labor |
| Which event resulted in the destruction of the Knights of Labor? | Haymarket riot |
| Which labor union focused on obtaining higher wages and better working conditions? | American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
| Who founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) | Samuel Gompers |
| What tactic did the American Federation of Labor (AFL) use to obtain higher wages and better working conditions? | strikes and collective bargaining |
| What method did labor unions use to negotiate new contracts for better wages and working conditions? | collective bargaining |
| What method was used by labor unions to stop production when employers would not meet their demands? | strike |
| What tactic did business leaders use to stop strikes? | injunction |
| What did business leaders use to weaken the labor unions? | blacklists & yellow-dog contracts |
| Which labor union leader is associated with supporting socialism? | Eugene V. Debs |
| What were the organizations that controlled local and state political parties in the late-1800s called? | political machines |
| Which act was passed to prevent trusts from forming monopolies? | Sherman Antitrust Act |
| Which act was passed to regulate railroad freight rates? | Interstate Commerce Act |
| What was the most significant political scandal during the Gilded Age? | Credit Mobilier |
| Which individual became infamous for corruption as the boss of New York City's Tammany Hall political machine? | William M. "Boss" Tweed |
| Which act was passed to end the corruption caused by the spoils system? | Pendleton Civil Service Act |
| What did reformers like Jane Addams establish to aid immigrants in urban areas? | settlement houses |
| Political machines grew in power by attracting the support of which group? | immigrants |
| What motivated migration into California? | gold rush (1849) |
| What motivated migration into Nevada? | silver mines--Comstock Lode |
| Which act was passed to encourage farming on the Great Plains? | Homestead Act (1862) |
| What was established by the Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)? | colleges and universities |
| What types of homes did early settlers build who homesteaded on the Great Plains? | sod houses |
| Which groups of people labored to build the transcontinental railroads? | Irish and Chinese immigrants |
| Who were the "Exodusters"? | black homesteaders |
| What opened up the Indian territory to homesteading? | Oklahoma Land Rush |
| What internal improvement linked western farms and ranches to eastern cities? | transcontinental railroad |
| Where did the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads meet to complete the nation's first transcontinental railroad (1869)? | Promontory Point, Utah |
| How did cattlemen bring Texas longhorns to railroad shipping centers? | cattle drives |
| What invention ended the era of open range and cattle drives? | barbed wire |
| What resource did the nomadic lifestyle of the Plains Indians depend on? | buffalo |
| Where did the government force tribes to live to remove Indians from lands desired by new settlers? | reservations |
| Which battle resulted in a victory by Sioux and Cheyenne warriors over General George Armstrong Custer? | Battle of the Little Bighorn |
| List examples of American Indian leaders who tried to resist being forced onto the reservations. | Sitting Bull (Sioux), Chief Joseph (Nez Perce) |
| Which reformer brought attention to injustices done against American Indians? | Helen Hunt Jackson (A Century of Dishonor) |
| Which battle was the last conflict between the government and American Indians? | Wounded Knee (1890) |
| What act destroyed Indian tribal life? | Dawes Severalty Act |
| What federal Indian policy was implemented under the Dawes Act? | assimilation/"Americanization" |
| What did farmers and ranchers use to acquire water in the West? | windmills |
| What hardships did farmers face in the West? | falling crop prices and high railroad shipping rates |
| What organization did farmers form to protest high freight rates on the railroads? | the Grange |
| What political party was formed by farmers' alliances? | the Populist party |
| What political reforms were supported by the Populists? | secret ballot and direct election of U.S. Senators |
| List the economic reforms supported by the Populists. | government regulation of the railroads, progressive income tax, bimetallism |
| What money policy was supported by big business and urban interests? | Gold standard |
| What money policy was supported by the Populists? | bimetallism |
| What did Populists hope that the result of an "easy" or "loose" money policy based on bimetallism would be? | inflation--rising crop prices |
| Which legislation was passed to regulate shipping rates on the railroads? | Interstate Commerce Act |
| Which campaign speech was used to criticize the Gold Standard in the 1896 presidential election? | "Cross of Gold" speech |
| The "Cross of Gold" speech was used in the campaign of which presidential candidate in 1896? | William Jennings Bryan |
| Which political party supported the gold standard that was favored by business and urban interests? | Republican party |
| Who won the presidential election of 1896? | William McKinley (Rep.) |
| Which political party adopted the ideas of the Populists? | Democratic party |
| Who could participate in politics during the early years of the Republic? | white male landowners |
| What political party was founded by Alexander Hamilton? | Federalists |
| What were the main features of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan? | whiskey tax, protective tariffs, assumption of state debt, national bank |
| Why did the Democratic-Republicans oppose the creation of a national bank? | strict interpretation of the Constitution--thought it was unconstitutional |
| What law did the Federalists enact to limit immigration and restrict the right to criticize government officials? | Alien & Sedition Acts |
| Which political party believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution? | Democratic-Republicans |
| Which resolutions were written to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts? | Virginia and Kentucky Resolves |
| What political idea was established in the Virginia and Kentucky resolves? | nullification |
| What principle is supported by the political idea known as “nullification”? | states' rights |
| What principle did the Supreme Court establish in the case of Marbury v. Madison? | judicial review |
| Which Supreme Court justice's decisions increased the powers of the federal government the most during the early 1800s? | John Marshall |
| What was the goal of U.S. foreign policy in the early years of the Republic? | avoid war and foreign alliances |
| What statement was issued by President George Washington to avoid involvement in the war between Britain and France? | Declaration of Neutrality |
| What warning did President George Washington issue to the nation in his Farewell Address? | maintain neutrality and avoid political parties |
| What treaty enabled western farmers to access the Mississippi River and deposit their goods at the ports in New Orleans? | Pinckney Treaty |
| What treaty was made under the Washington administration in order to avoid war with Great Britain? | Jay Treaty |
| Which issue threatened American sovereignty during the Federalist period? | British forts on American soil |
| Under the Adams administration, what incident resulted in an undeclared naval war against France? | XYZ Affair |
| Which territorial acquisition doubles the size of the United States and allowed full access to the Mississippi River? | Louisiana Purchase |
| Which political belief was contrary to Thomas Jefferson's desire to purchase the Louisiana Territory? | strict interpretation of the Constitution |
| Who did Thomas Jefferson appoint to explore the Louisiana Territory? | Lewis and Clark |
| Whose aid was essential to the success of the Lewis and Clark expedition? | Sacajawea |
| What act did President Thomas Jefferson sign in order to avoid war with Britain? | Embargo Act of 1807 |
| What term refers to the Congressmen who wanted to declare war against Great Britain? | war hawks |
| Why did the United States declare war against Great Britain in 1812? | impressment, British aid to Native Americans, territorial expansion |
| Why did Tecumseh and Native American tribes ally with the British during the War of 1812? | to stop American settlement on Indian lands |
| What was the result of the political fight over the creation of the national bank? | creation of the two-party system |
| Which battle in the War of 1812 happened after the Treaty of Ghent officially ended the war? | Battle of New Orleans |
| Which treaty opened Indian lands in Ohio to American settlement? | Treaty of Greenville |
| Which battle in the War of 1812 inspired American nationalism the most by achieving a decisive victory over British troops? | Battle of New Orleans |
| Which event proved that the national government would enforce the law under President Washington? | Whiskey Rebellion |
| Which event was an example of a conflict between states' rights and federal power during the War of 1812? | Hartford Convention |
| What term could be used to describe the national unity and patriotism expressed during the Era of Good Feelings? | nationalism |
| Which innovation increased the dependence on slavery in the South? | cotton gin |
| What were the primary features of the "American System"? | protective tariffs, internal improvements, national bank |
| Who benefited most from protective tariffs? | New England manufacturers |
| Who benefited most from internal improvments? | Western farmers |
| Which internal improvement increased the commercial importance of New York City? | Erie Canal |
| What invention is Robert Fulton known for? | the steamboat |
| What invention is John Deere known for? | the steel plow |
| What invention is Samuel Morse known for? | the telegraph |
| What industry developed in New England during the Industrial Revolution? | textile |
| Which compromise was made in Congress to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery? | Missouri Compromise |
| Which word describes the division and rivalry between the North and South during the mid-1800s? | sectionalism |
| Which Supreme Court decision upheld the supremacy clause and the implied powers of Congress to create a national bank? | McCullough v. Maryland |
| Which Supreme Court decision upheld Congress power to regulate interstate commerce? | Gibbons v. Ogden |
| Andrew Jackson's presidential election and "Jacksonian Democracy" were based on the support of which group? | the common man |
| Which act represents the federal government's policy towards American Indians under the Jackson administration? | Indian Removal Act (1830) |
| Which artistic movement expressed its nationalism by painting romantic scenes of American landscapes? | Hudson River School of Art |
| Which authors are an example of the nationalism expressed during the mid-1800s? | James Fennimore Cooper, Edgan Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Washington Irving |
| Which foreign policy opposed European intervention in the western hemisphere? | Monroe Doctrine |
| What issue caused the S. Carolina Nullification Crisis of 1832? | the Tariff of Abominations |
| What political issues were supported by Southern politicians like John C. Calhoun in the mid-1800s? | nullification/states' rights and slavery |
| Which principle was supported in John C. Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition and Protest? | nullification/states' rights |
| What action did Andrew Jackson take towards the national bank (B.U.S.)? | veto and put federal funds in pet banks |
| Where did the Jackson administration put federal deposits in its attempt to kill the national bank (B.U.S.)? | pet banks |
| Which reform movement had the goal of ending slavery? | abolitionism |
| Which religious revival resulted in the reform movements of the mid-1800s? | Second Great Awakening |
| Which philosophy emphasized individualism and an appreciation for the "truth and beauty to be found in nature"? | transcendentalism |
| Which trascendentalist author was known for the development of "civil disobedience"? | Henry David Thoreau |
| Which former slave became the publisher of the anti-slavery newspaper "The North Star"? | Frederick Douglass |
| Which abolitionist led the anti-slavery movement as the publisher of "The Liberator"? | William Lloyd Garrison |
| Which reform movement wanted the prohibition of alcohol? | the temperance movement |
| Which reform movement was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott? | women's rights |
| Which reform movement(s) were Sarah and Angelina Grimke known for? | abolitionism and women's rights |
| What historical event is associated with the beginning of the women's rights movement? | Seneca Falls Convention |
| Who is associated with the effort to improve public education during the mid-1800s? | Horace Mann |
| Who is associated with the fight to reform prisons and mental institutions during the mid-1800s? | Dorothea Dix |
| Westward expansion was encouraged by which belief? | Manifest Destiny |
| Which historical event is associated with the Texas war for independence from Mexico? | the Alamo |
| Which sectional issue prevented the annexation of Texas to the Union in 1836? | slavery |
| "54'40 of Fight" is associated with James K. Polk's campaign to acquire which territory? | Oregon |
| Which group moved westward to escape religious persecution? | the Mormons |
| Which conflict was a result of "Manifest Destiny"? | the Mexican War |
| Which territory did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Mexican War? | the Mexican Cession |
| Which territories were part of the Mexican Cession? | California, New Mexico and Utah territories |
| Which territory was purchased to acquire land for the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad route? | the Gadsden Purchase |
| What did the United States acquire in the Adams-Onis treaty? | Florida |
| Which political party was created to oppose President Andrew Jackson? | Whig party |
| Which event resulted in the passage of more restrictive slave codes in southern states? | Nat Turner's Rebellion |
| Which historical event was a result of the Indian Removal Act? | Trail of Tears |
| What patronage system did Andrew Jackson begin to reward political supporters with government offices? | spoils system |
| Which individual emphasized the need to create a strong, modern navy? | Alfred Mahan |
| Which literary work is an example of support for Social Darwinism? | White Man's Burden |
| Who is associated with promoting the superiority of "Anglo-Saxon" culture to justify imperialism? | Josiah Strong |
| Which social theory was used to support imperialism in the late 1800s? | Social Darwinism |
| What foreign policy did world powers like the United States use to influence weaker nations during the late-1800s? | imperialism |
| What goals were reasons for American expansion as a world power in the late 1800s? | naval bases, new markets, superiority of Anglo-Saxon culture |
| Which territorial acquisition was referred to as "Seward's Folly"? | Alaska |
| What president supported the annexation of Hawaii? | William McKinley |
| What cause of the Spanish-American war were newspaper editors Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst associated with? | yellow journalism |
| Which event led to the Spanish-American War? | explosion of the U.S.S. Maine |
| Which territory did the U.S. acquire as a result of Commodore George Dewey's naval victory in the Spanish-American War? | Phillippines |
| Which individual gained fame for leading the "Rough Riders" to victory in Cuba during the Spanish-American War? | Theodore Roosevelt |
| Which legislation resulted in Cuban independence after the Spanish-American War? | Teller amendment |
| Which legislation gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs after the Spanish-American War? | Platt amendment |
| What was President Theodore Roosevelt's aggressive use of power in Latin America called? | "Big stick" diplomacy |
| What is the best example of Theodore Roosevelt's "Big stick" diplomacy? | the Panama canal |
| What was the goal of Secretary of State John Hay's "Open Door" policy? | equal and open trade in China |
| Which event is an example of Chinese opposition to foreign influence? | Boxer Rebellion |
| What role did the U.S. take in Latin America as a result of the Roosevelt Corollary? | international police power |
| Which policy was used by President William Howard Taft to support U.S. business interests in Latin America? | dollar diplomacy |
| Which policy was used by President Woodrow Wilson to support democracy in Latin America? | missionary diplomacy |
| What event resulted in President Woodrow Wilson decision to send U.S. troops into Mexico? | Pancho Villa raids |
| What territories did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Spanish-American War? | Phillippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico |
| The Treaty of Paris (1898) resulted in the U.S. acquisition of which territories from Spain? | Phillippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico |
