| A | B |
|---|
| Characteristics of Fungi | Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, cell walls made of chitin, body structure composed of hyphae, absorbs food through the cell wall |
| Examples of Fungi | Mushrooms, fairy rings, pilobolus, mold, predatory fungus, budding yeast |
| How fungi obtain food | Absorption; small organic molecules are absorbed from the surrounding medium |
| Fungi Structure | Hypha, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria |
| Mycelium | A series of hyphae |
| Fungi Reproduction | Release spores produced sexually or asexually; spores germinate mycelia if are is moist |
| Ecological impact of Fungi | Decompose, keeping ecosystems stocked with the inorganic nutrients essential for plant growth; Parasitic Fungi, 30% of fungi make their living as parasites, mostly on or in plants, sometimes in animals; Commercial Uses of Fungi- Mushrooms are used as food, and some fungi are used for medical purposes |
| Mutualism | Symbioses that benefits both species |
| Symbiotic Association of Fungi and Lichen | Fungal hyphae wraps itself around an algal cell, obtaining food while the algae gets protection |
| Ecological impact of Mycorrhizae | Showcases the food web |
| Yeast | Unicellular fungi which reproduces by budding |
| Plant adaptions to the water environment | Thin leaves(quick diffusion of oxygen), lacks water pro of covering, no roots, stems, or leaves |
| Plants structural adaptations to terrestrial life | Structural specialization into subterranean and aerial organs; roots and leaf-bearing shoots, respectively |
| Other Adaptation to terrestrial life | Symbiotic fungi in roots mycorrhizae. Absorbs water and minerals from the soil, while sugars from plant nourish fungi |
| Leaves | A photosynthesis workshop; exchange of carbon dioxide |
| Lignin | Hardening chemical in cell walls |
| Vascular Tissue | Tube shaped cells |
| Reproductive Adaptations to Terrestrial Life | in dry environment, they must disperse in right conditions, so produce protective called gametangia, jacket of protective surrounding a moist chamber where gametes can develop; egg is fertilized in mother tissue, then via wind or animals is dispersed as an embreyo |
| First Land Plant | Green Algae, ancestor of all green plants |
| Ferns | Diversification of vascular plants; earliest lacked seeds, like ferns |
| Gymnosperms | Origin of the seed, early seeds had no protective chamber |
| Examples of Gymnosperms | Conifers, pines |
| Angiosperms | Emerging of flowering plants |
| What the Gametophyte Generation uses to reproduce | Bryophytes, or mosses, sponge-like plant that is obvious. |
| Alternation of Generations | The type of life cycle in plants and certain algae; gametophyte and sporophyte are alternating generations that take turns producing each other |
| Example of Bryophytes | Mosses |
| Bryophytes adaptations to terrestrial life | A waxy cuticle to prevent dehydration, rentation of developing embreyos, |
| Bryophytes handicaps to terrestrial life | No vascular tissue to carry water from soil to plant; lack liguin, a well-hardening material |
| Examples of Ferns | Fiddleheads |
| Fern adaptations to terrestrial life | Developed vascular tissue |
| Fern handicaps to terrestrial life | Seedless; not a large population |
| Examples of Gymnosperms | Conifers |
| Gymnosperm adaptations to terrestrial life | Retain leaves throughout the year |
| Gymnosperm handicaps to terrestrial life | Very large; have a tremendous amount of DNA |
| Examples of Angiosperms | Cereal Grains |
| Angiosperm adaptations to terrestrial life | Pollen |
| Importance of maintaining biodiversity | to maintain a good source of nutrients and oxygen |
| Succession | The gradual change in community composition of an area |
| Primary Succession | Begins in an area where there is no life |
| Start of Primary Succession | Rock, lava flow, new sandbar |
| Secondary Succession | Occurs where an existing community has been removed by some sort of disturbance |
| Start of Secondary Succession | Forested Areas |
| The Progression of Succession | Community changes, a variety of species colonize the area, may be replaced by another species |
| Pioneer Community | The first plants to invade an area |
| examples of Pioneer Community | Grasses, mosses, ferns |
| Climax Community | The final, stable community in succession |
| Key traits of Angiosperms | Flowering plants, water is transported from refinements in vascular tissue, displays sex life, displays male and female parts |
| Monocot Flower | Contains parallel vascular tissue |
| Dicot Flower | Contains branching vascular tissue |
| Pistol(carpel) | Female organ; ovary, stigma, and style |
| Ovary | Chamber in which eggs develop |
| Stigma | Sticky tip of the pistol which traps pollen |
| Style | The stalk of the pistol |
| Anther | Male Organ; pollen grains develop |
| Filament | Stem of the anther |
| Petal | Striking part of the flower |
| Sepal | Green; encloses the flower before it opens |
| Pollination | Pollen is transfered in plants |
| Cross Pollination | Pollen is delivered to different plants |
| Self Pollination | Pollen is delivered to the same plant |
| Structure | Wings, sperm, pollen tube |
| Double Fertilization | A diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm form |
| Seeds | Matured ovules |
| Function of a matured ovary | To create new flowers |
| Angiosperm seeds dispersed | Spores, seeds, leaf cuticles, pollen, current |
| Seed Dormancy | Seeds are prevented from germinating |
| Why Seed Dormancy is Advantageous | To emerge when conditions are favorable |
| Environmental factors causing seed dormancy to break | Sunlight, water, temperature |
| Structure of a dicot seed | Seed coat, endosperm tissue, plant embryo |
| Seed Germination | Seeds grow into plants |
| Life Cycle of Angiosperms | Pollination, Pollen Tube Formation, Double Fertilization, Seed and Fruit Formation, Seed Dispersal, Germination, Plant Growth and Flower Formation |
| Cross Walls | Divide fungal hyphae into cells |
| Filamentous | Spread apart |
| Colonial | Together |
| Tracheophytes | Plants with roots, stems, and leaves |
| Cuticle | Tough, outer covering of an organism |
| Lignin | A chemical compound mostly derived from wood |
| Endosperm Tissue | Seeds produced around the time of fertilization |
| Mycorrhizae | Symbioses between fungi and the roots of a plant |
| Lichen | A fungus that grows symbiotically with algae |
| Spores | A reproductive body produced by non-flowering plants |
| Budding | One cell becomes two cells, and so on |
| Fragmentation | Mold splits into fragments |
| Binary Fission | A single cell divides into two individuals |
