| A | B |
|---|
| Robert E. Lee | best senior officer in the US Army-he resigned to become the military leader of the Confederacy after Johnston was wounded |
| greenbacks | name for paper money because of its color |
| Copperheads | also called the Peace Democrats-opposed the war and called for reuniting the states through negotiation rather than force |
| conscription | forcing people into military service, the draft |
| habeas corpus | a legal order for an inquiry to determine whether a person has been lawfully imprisoned-suspended by Lincoln during Civil War |
| James Mason | Confederate representative from Virginia sent to Britain to represent the interests of the South |
| John Slidell | Confederate representative from Louisiana sent to France to represent the interests of the South |
| Trent Affair | Southern leaders Mason and Slidell were arrested by a Northern captain when they were on the British ship, the Trent, leaving Havana, Cuba on its way to Europe |
| attrition | the act of wearing down by constant harassment or attack |
| Anaconda Plan | Union blockade of Confederate ports and sending gunboats down the Mississippi River to divide the South-the South would gradually run out of resources and surrender-plan was criticized for being slow |
| "Stonewall" Jackson | commaner of forces from Virginia at First Battle of Bull Run-where he got the nickname "stonewall" because he did not retreat |
| Irwin McDowell | Union commander at the First Battle of Bull Run that led the retreat of his forces |
| bounty | a sum of money given as a bonus to individuals who promised three years of militay service |
| blockade runner | small, fast vessels the South used to smuggle goods past the blockade, usually under the cover night |
| David G. Farragut | Union commander that led a naval attack of New Orleans which resulted in the capture of New Orleans, the South's largest city and center of the Cotton trade |
| Ulysses S. Grant | Union general fighting Confederate troops in the West-took control of Fort Henry on Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on Cumberland River-eventually replaced general Meade as General in Chief |
| George B. McClellan | Union general that replaced McDowell because of McDowell's failure at the First Battle of Bull Run to lead the Union army in the East |
| Emancipation Proclamation | a decree freeing all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863 |
| 54th Massachusetts | one of the first African American regiments organized by the North |
| hardtack | a hard biscuit made of wheat flour |
| Elizabeth Blackwell | in 1861 was the first female physician in the US and she started the nation's training program for nurses |
| United States Sanitary Commission | an organization that provided medical assistance and supplies to army camps and hospitals |
| Clara Barton | left her job in a patent office to nurse soldiers on the battlefield |
| Henry Wirz | the commadant at Andersonville that became the only person executed for war crimes during the Civil War |
| Benjamin Grierson | ordered by Grant on a calvary raid through Mississippi-tearing up railroads, burning depots, and fighting skirmishes to distract Confederates so Grant could attack Vickburg |
| foraging | searching and raiding for food |
| siege | to cut off a city's food and supplies and bomb the city until its defenders give up |
| Ambrose Burnside | general that took command of Union forces after Lincoln fired McClellan |
| Joseph Hooker | general that replaced Burnside because of defeats and complaints |
| George Meade | general that replaced Hooker after Hooker could not stop Lee in Pennsylvania |
| Pickett's Charge | Lee ordered general Pickett and general Hill to make a massive assault on July 3, 1863 at Gettysburg |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | ordered by Grant to attack Confederate positions on Missionary Ridge at Chattanooga, TN |
| Philip Sheridan | Union general ordered by Grant to stage a calvary raid north and west of Richmond, VA as a distraction for Union troops to capture Petersburg |
| "Sherman neckties" | rail lines destroyed by Sherman's troops by heating the rails and twisting them into snarls of steel |
| March to the Sea | began on November 15, 1864 Sherman's troops marched to Savannah, GA ransacking houses, burning crops, and killing cattle along the way 60 miles wide |
| pillage | to loot or plunder |
| mandate | clear sign from voters |
| Thirteenth Amendment | banning slavery in the US |
| Appomattox Courthouse | Lee surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865 |
| John Wilkes Booth | assassinated President Lincoln in April 1865 |
| Tredegar Iron Works | only factory in the South capable of producing cannons |
| Legal Tender Act | passed February 1862 by Congress-created a national currency and allowed government to issue paper money |
| War Democrats | strongly supported the Civil War and hoped to restore the Union to the way it was before the war |
| Alexander Stephens | vice-president of the Confederacy that disagreed with conscription and the establishment of martial law |
| bayonets | long knives attached to the front of military guns |
| defensive war of attrition | South forcing the Union to spend its resources until it became tired of the war and agreed to negotiate |
| Winfield Scott | general in chief of the United States proposed a plan that used blockades and sending gunboats down the Mississippi(Anaconda Plan) |
| P.G.T. Beauregard | Confederate general that approved assault at First Battle of Bull Run, which the Confederates won |
| Militia Act | passed July 1862 which gave Lincoln authority to call state militias into federal service |
| Battle of Shiloh | in 1862 people were stunned in both North and South because 20,000 troops had been killed or wounded |
| Braxton Bragg | Confederate general that invaded Kentucky |
| Don Carlos Buell | Union general that stopped Bragg's forces in Kentucky(Battle of Perryville) and ordered to capture eastern Tennessee |
| William S. Rosecrans | replaced Buell as Union commander in Tennessee and was fighting for control of the area and Mississippi River |
| Joseph E. Johnston | Confederate commander that attacked McClellan's forces near Richmond, Virginia inflicting heavy Union casualties |
| Seven Days' Battle | series of attacks by Robert E. Lee against McClellan's army in June of 1862 |
| Florence Nightingale | British nurse that inspired American women to take on many of the nursing tasks in army hospitals |
| Andersonville | infamous Confederate prison in the South(Georgia)-on shade, no shelter, overcrowed, lack of food, disease |
| Gettysburg Address | speech given by Lincoln in November 1863 to dedicate a portion of the battlefield as a military cemetary-he explained the war was not a fight between regions by a fight for freedom |
