| A | B |
|---|
| Adaptations | traits of an organism that enhances fitness. |
| Evolutionary history | organisms carry evolutionary “baggage” that may include non-adaptive features |
| Genetic drift | random fluctuations in allelic frequencies of a local population that is associated with chance matings (sampling error). occurs when population size is small. may result in non-adaptive evolution |
| convergent evolution | (e.g., teeth shape in herbivores versus carnivores). |
| observational studies; | examining correlations between individual variation in trait and reproductive succes |
| Experimentation: | manipulating traits in question and examining the consequences on fitness. |
| Pollinators - | selection favors morphologies and behaviors that maximize food rewards (nectar; pollen; oils). |
| flowers | selection favors designs that minimize hybridization with other species and maximize the chance of being pollinated |
| Adaptations that enhance fitness for animal-pollinated flowers: | attractants for pollinators -landing sites - food rewards - pollen transfer mechanisms - mechanisms that minimize inbreeding and hybridization |
| pseudocopulation | tricking males to try to matewith flower. |
| Batesian Mimicry (Henry Bates): | where edible species (the mimic) evolves to resemble unpalatable model. |
| Mullerian Mimicry (Fritz Muller): | two or more unpalatable species evolve similar aposematic coloration. |
| Aggressive mimicry: | one species deceives its victim by imitating something desirable. |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): | carries the genetic information for determining traits. -found on chromosome of euk. long chain of nucleotides |
| Gene: | a segment of DNA that codes for one polypeptide or one RNA molecule. |
| structure of DNA | twisted, double stranded molecule that forms a ladder-like structure (double helix). -nitrogenous bases project inward to form the rungs. - four types: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. |
| Base pairs | held together by hydrogen bonds |
| polymer | molecules chained together |
| protein | polypeptide which is an amino acid. long chains of amino acids |
| prok. and bact. | no chromosomes |
| Mutation | a change in the structure of a DNA molecule. |
| messenger RNA | transfers the genetic code on DNA to the ribosomes. |
| transfer RNA | brings amino acids to the ribosomes where they are assembled into proteins. |
| RNA | consists of messenger and transfer. - single-stranded - uracil substitutes for thymine |
| codons | each triple of nucleotides in messenger RNA |
| anti codons | on tRNA that connect with the messenger RNA |
| peptide bond | form between amino acids at bottom of tRNA |
| translation | synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic code provided by the mRNA. |
