| A | B |
|---|
| Allopolyploid speciation(Sympatric Speciation) | is a process in which polyploidy following hybridization produces a new species instantly. - is rare in animals; common in plants. |
| Steps in alloplyploid speciation | 1. Hybrid zygote is formed. 2. Zygote becomes polyploid after nondisjunction.(fail to seperate properly) 3. the offspring then has twice as many chromosomes and can only breed with others alike |
| ploidy | complete set of chromosomes |
| meiosis | reductive division, produce half the chromosomes (sperm and egg) |
| meitosis | cloning of a cell, happens in reproduction, cell keeps copying itself |
| centromere | connect dna copies together until they split |
| Polyploidy | is common in plants |
| reticulate evolution | allopolyploidy can cause; Previously isolated species recombine their genes. |
| cultrascine | can force plants to mess up the cell division, we have done to fruits |
| Systematics | attempts to classify organisms in a way that reflects their evolutionary history. |
| ten million | species on the planet; can be hampered by both convergent and divergent evo. |
| Homoplasy | similarities that do not reflect common ancestry (homologies). |
| Monophyletic group | a taxononomic group that contains an ancestral group (the most recent common ancestor) and all of its descendents. |
| Polyphyletic group: | contains species from two or more monophyletic lines and does not contain the most recent common ancestor. |
| Paraphyletic group: | contains an ancestral species (most recent common ancestor) and some, but not all, of the descendent species. |
| Evolutionary systematics | the traditional method that uses theLinnaean system; classifies groups based on 1. major branching patterns 2. degrees of divergence 3. importance of groups |
| Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) | relies on cladisticanalyses. |
| cladistics | generates cladograms which are hypotheses about the phylogeny of the groups. |
| synapomorphies | shared derived traits; shared by all members of that monophyletic group. |
