| A | B |
|---|
| Fluids | Come in plastic, Liters in fluids, have ports. Administration set- comes in different lengths |
| Macrodrip | 15 gtt/mL |
| Microdrip | 60gtt/mL |
| Insensible | sweat, saliva, respitory, feces 13-20 mL/kg/day |
| Sensible | urine, 27-40mL/kg/day |
| Maintence Fluid Rate for EVERYONE | 50mL/kg/day |
| Surgical Fluid Rate | 10mL/kg/day |
| 4-6-8 Rule for Dehydration | 4-not eat/drink for 24 hr. 6- Pull skin scapula. 8- Slow reaction, increased CRT. eyes sunken |
| Plasma | albumin, contains clotting factors. |
| Fresh Frozen Blood has.. | albumin and clotting factors |
| Frozen Plasma | 4 years with albumin |
| Blood Administration Sets | 10gtt/mL. 70 micrometers |
| Dog Blood | 8 groups 1.2 universal donor, needs to be warmed slowly to room temperature. |
| No transfusion before... | 4 hours,start slowly TPR every 5 min |
| Blood Volume | 90mL/kg/day-Dog. 5-mL/kg/day-Cat |
| Drugs | all are chemicals and TOXIC! |
| Pharmokinetics | study of the action of a drug in the body over a period of time |
| Therapuetic Range | Max benefit and min hazards |
| 4 Major Routes of Administration | enteral, parental, inhalation, topical |
| Enternal | safe, economical, slower onset, most common route, ex. PO, PR, IP |
| Parenteral | sterile, irritating solutions can only be given IV!! do not administer hot or cold solutions |
| IV | common in small and large animals, fastest onset, shortest duration. NO ABSORPTION PHASE, GREATEST RISK FOR ADVERSE REACTION. |
| IM | rate of absorption depends on vehicle, aqueous fastest. duration of action longer than IV. absoprtion dependent on regional blood flow(injury, heat, massage) not suitable for large amounts. may be painful |
| SQ | can administer large volumes, longest onset and duration. |
| Other Routes | IP, epidural, intracardiac, subconjuctival, intradermal, etc |
| Inhalation | rapid absoprtion, large surface area, thin wascular walls, excellent blood supply |
| Topical | Applied to the skin |
| Drug Absorption | moving from the site of administration into the blood stream |
| Passive Diffusion | Move from High to Low concentration |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Carrier Molecules to help cross membrane |
| Active Transport | against the concentration, requires energy! |
| Bioavalibility | not all of the drug may be absoprbed, F- expressed as a decimal |
| Ionized | hydrophilic |
| Non- ionized | lipophilic can cross cell membranes |
| Distrubution | non ionized form to cross membrane. in order for drug to work has to get to a site where there is a receptor. no drug is completely specific. increase the dose, increase the sites that get it. |
| Total Body H2O | 50-70% of body weight. Intracellular 50%. Extracellular 20% |
| Volume of Distribution(Vd) | tells you what spaces the drug has access too |
| Special Barriers | blood brain, eye, prostate, placenta |
| Drug Receptors | in order to work a drug must reach a site in the bodoy where the is a receptor can bind to it. a recceptor is a target molecule a drug combines with to exert its effect. most drug receptors are proteins. |
| Dose Response Curve | increase affinity, increase the reaction |
| Agonsit | has both affinity and efficacy |
| Antagonist | does nothin, has affinity but no efficacy. |
| Non- Competitve | receptor sites is changed so it no longer accepts agonist |
| Competitive | same receptor competition, anatagonists has affinity but no efficacy. can be reversible |
| Drug Biotransformation | chemical alteration of drug by cell, occurs in many cells by enzyme systems. end result is more ionized drug which can be excreted |
| Factors Affecting Biotransformation Decreased | protein binding, hepatic pathology, poor nutrition, species variation. |
| Biotransformation Increased | drugs induce hepatic microsomal enzyme system |
| Drug Excretion | elimination of the drug from the body, unchanged in active form or after biotranformation. kidney major site for excretion, non ionized drugs will be reabsorbed. ionized will be excreted |
| Drug Safety | ED50 & LD1 can be obtained by species testing. |
| Theraputic Index | LD50/ED50 |
| 1 gram | 60 mg |
| 30mL | fl oz |
| 5mL | tsp |
| 4mL | dram |
| 250mL | cup |
| The vetrianrian asks you to tell him the dosage for ciproflaxin, which is a human drug. you need to look up the dosage | in a veterinary formulary |
| the vet asks you to calculate the dose of a vet drug. you would look for the concentration | on the drug label |
| when writing a drug you have administered on a the patient record, | weight(volume), genericname route site |
| you calculate a drug dose. the mathematical answer you obtain is 6.7mL. assuming the lowest dosage was used in the calculation, you would administer | 6.8 |
| you calculate a drug dose. the mathematical answer you obtain is 0.67mL. assumin the lowest dosage was used in the calculation you administer | 0.67mL |
