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"Introduction to Forensic Science"

Use these activities to learn the vocabulary and major concepts introduced in this chapter of study.

AB
expert witnessindividual whom the court determines to possess knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average layperson
Locard's exchange principletwo objects come into contact with one another, they exchange materials between them
scientific methodprocess that uses strict guidelines to ensure careful and systematic collection, organization, and analysis of information
forensics scienceapplication of science to the criminal and civil laws enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system
criminalisticsidentify evidence, and link suspect, victim, and crime scene through evidence
forensic odontologyuse of dental science to identify unknown human remains and bite marks, using both physical and biological dental evidence
pathologystudy of disease through autopsy, investigate circumstances surrounding death
forensic anthropologyidentify individuals killed in disasters such as plane crashes, explosions, fires, and other tragedies resulting in the loss of life and mutilation of bodies
forensic psychiatryused to determine determine competency to stand trial, evaluate behavior disorders, examine behavior patterns to build criminal behavioral profile
questioned documentsproves the facts concerning documents and related material
toxicologystudy of harmful effects of chemicals or drugs on living systems
Mathieu Orfilathe father of forensic toxicology
Alphonse Bertilliondevised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879
Francis Galtonconducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification
Leone Lattesdeveloped a procedure to determine blood type from dried bloodstains
Calvin Goddardused a comparison microscope to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet
Albert Osborndeveloped the fundamental principles of document examination
Walter McCroneutilized microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence
Hans Grosswrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation
Edmond Locardincorporared Gross’ principles within a workable crime laboratory
Sir Alec Jeffreysdeveloped the first DNA profiling test in 1984
anthropometryseries of body measurements to ID individuals
Physical Science Unituses chemistry, physics, earth science to test drugs, glass, paint, explosives, soils
Biology Unituses biology, biochemistry for DNA profiling, blood, hair, fiber, plant material analysis
Firearms Unituses chemistry, physics to study firearms, discharged bullets and ammo, discharge residues
Document Examination Unituses chemistry, psychometrics to do handwriting analysis, paper and ink analysis
Photography Unituses physics, chemistry for digital imaging, infrared, x-ray, ultraviolet photography
Toxicology Unituses chemistry, biology to test fluids/organs for drugs, poison usually in Medical Examiner’s Office
Latent Fingerprint Unituses chemistry to uncover and identify fingerprints
Polygraph Unituses physics, biology to verify witness veracity, usually used during interrogation
Voiceprint Analysisuses physics to use of sound spectrograph
Evidence-Collection Unitpersonnel specially trained to collect and preserve crime scene evidence
forensic entomologystudy of insects and their relationship to a crime scene
forensic engineeringconcerned with failure analysis, accident reconstruction, causes and origins of fires and explosions
forensic computer/digital analysisinvolves identifying, collecting, preserving, and examining information on computers and other digital devices (cell phones, PDAs etc.)
Frye Standard (Frye v.USset guidelines for the admissibility of scientific evidence, evidence must be “generally accepted” by the scientific community


Dean of Science/Medical Assisting Instructor
Queen's Grant High School/CPCC

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