| A | B |
|---|
| consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| cognitive neuroscience | interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition |
| dual processing | principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks |
| selective attention | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
| inattentional blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere |
| change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment |
| circadian rhythm | biological clock, regular bodily rhythms that run on a 24-hour cycle |
| REM sleep | rapid eye movement sleep, vivid dreaming, paradoxical sleep, muscles relaxed but other body systems are active |
| alpha waves | relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
| sleep | periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness |
| hallucinations | false sensory experiences |
| delta waves | large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
| insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
| narcolepsy | sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks, go directly into REM sleep |
| sleep apnea | sleep disorder with temporary cessations of breathing and momentary awakenings |
| night terrors | a sleep disorder with high arousal and an appearance of being terrified, during stage 4, seldom remembered |
| dream | sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind |
| manifest content | according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream when it was before unable to be recalled |
| latent content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream |
| REM rebound | tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation, created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep |
| hypnosis | a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
| posthypnotic suggestion | a suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized |
| dissociation | a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others |
| psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
| tolerance | the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the effect |
| withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
| physical dependence | a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued |
| psychological dependence | a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
| addiction | compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences |
| depressants | drugs that reduce te neural activity and slow body functions (alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) |
| barbiturates | drugs that depress the activity of the cns, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment |
| opiates | opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
| stimulants | drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
| amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
| methamphetamines | powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the cns, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels |
| ecstasy (MDMA) | a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen, produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition |
| hallucinogens | psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input |
| LSD | a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid |
| THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations |
| near-death experiences | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death, often similar to drug-induced hallucinations |
