| A | B |
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| Define slander | deliberately making false spoken statements that might damage the reputation of a business, an individual, or a group |
| Define libel | deliberately publishing false written or visual statements harming the reputation or business of an individual or group |
| define probable cause | reasonable grounds to accuse an individual of committing a specific crime. |
| define bench trial | a trial in which a judge, rather than a jury, decides an issue |
| define Change of venue | a movement of a trial to a court in a different geographic location |
| treason | an act of disloyalty against one's own country |
| prior restraint | an action by a governemnt to prevent the publicaiton of something or to require aproval before it can be published.(a form of censorship) |
| sedition | language or actions that call for or encourage resistance or rebellion against a lawfully established government. |
| obscenity | printed or visual material that is not protected by the First Amendment because it is considered to lack serious social value and to be highly offensive. |
| shield law | a law that protects reporters from having to reveal confidential sources of information. |
| free exercise clause | a clause in the First Amendment to the Constitution that prohibits governemnt interference with the "free excercise" of religious practices. |
| establishment clause | the part of the First Amendment to the Constitutution that prohibits Congress from passing any law that establishes a religion or that favors one religioun over others. |
| aliens | a citizen of one nation who is temporarily or permanently living in another nation |
| civil liberties | a basic individual right to which every human being is entitled. |
| draft | a practice of requiring civilians to serve in the military for a specified period of time. |
| symbolic speech | messages that are communicated nonverbally. (includes articles worn on clothing, hand gestures etc) |
| Federal Communications Commission | AN INDEPENDENT AGENCY THAT ISSUES LICENSES TO RADIO AND TELEVISION STATIONS ALLOWING THEM TO BROADCAST |
| hate speech | words or symbols that can reasonably be expected to cause anger, fear, or resentment in others on the basis of race, color, creed, religion or gender |
| due process | a constitutional protection that prevents the government from depriving individuals of their rights and freedoms without following established legal procedures |
| search warrant | written authorization issued by a judge to allow law enforcement authorities to search a person's property for specified items and to seize those items if they are found |
| probable cause | reasonable grounds to accuse an individual of committing a specific crime |
| double jeopardy | trying someone more than once for the same criminal offense; 5th Amendment prohibits double jeopardy |
| civic responsibilities | understading and obey the law; respecting in the rights of others; participating public service |
| jus soli | a legal principle that a person's citizenship is determined by where he or she was born rather than by the citizenship of his or her parents. |
| jus sanguinis | the legal principle that a person's citizenship is determined by that of his or her parents rather than by his or her place of birth |
| capital punishment | the death penalty |
| naturalization | the process by which a nation grants citizenship to an immigrant |
| expatriation | the voluntary giving up of one's citizenship |
| Immigration and nationality act of 1965 | allowed only 290,000 immigrants annually |
| Immigration Act of 1990 | increased the legal immigration limit to 675.000 |
| immigration reform & control act of 1986 | increased border controls |
| Martin Luther King, JR. | led a march in 1963 for civil rights |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | did away with the poll taxes for african americans |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | forbade segregation of public places such as restaurants, hotels, etc. also extended rights to more groups than blacks |
| Japanese | ethnic group that was placed in American concentration camps during WWII |
| Define the difference between Procedural and Substantive Due Process. | Procedural process is when the rules aren't fairly enforced (such as someone runs a stop sign, hits a car, but isnt given a ticket). Substantive is when the laws arent reasonable (such as the speed limit on dinkins street is too low) |
| Compare and contrast (define) writ of habeus corpeus, bill of attainder, and ex post facto law | W.H.C=order requiring law enforcement to bring one to court, cite reason, and determine if theyre held lawfully; B of A=law that convicts and punishes without a trial; E.P.F= law that illegalizes specific acts that took place before it was passed (tint on a car) |
| Compare discrimination & prejudice. | discrimination is the act of not allowing someone have a job because of race, gender,etc. prejudice is a feeling toward someone because of race, gender, etc. |
| assimilation | when someone doesnt adapt well to a culture (when illegal aliens boo americans at a soccer came and salute the mexican flag even though they live in america) |
| explain plessy v. ferguson, doctrine did it entail? practical and/or fair? | segregation; separate-but-equal doctrine; and no. wasnt fair or practical because whites and blacks were separated. not fair to blacks bc whites received better, not practical because $ was spent on double of everything |
