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| material incentitive | Money or things valued in montary terms. Farm organizationshave recrutied many members by offering a wide range of services. The Illinois Farm Burew, forexample offers to its mebers a chance to buy farm supplies at discounts prices to market their products through cooproratives and purchase low coast insurence. AARP recruites thirty million mebers by suppling them with everything from low coast insurence and mailinjg ordering their discount drugs to tax advice and grap trade plans. |
| political machine | a party organization that recruites members by dispending proganda. before the arrival of immigrants from Irland, Italy and elsewhere, old stock americans had perfected. the machine ran up coasts of government and systematized voting fraud, takebacks on contracts payments, extracted from office holders and fund raised from business pepole made some politicians rich but also paid the hughe bills of the elborat party organizations. |
| Muwumps or progressive | the republican party faction of the 1890's to the 1910's composed of reforments who opposed pagannda. The progressives where sucessful in some states like Califonia. |
| split ticket | voting for canadiates of different parties for various offices in the same election. This Rose between 1952 and 1972 and hovered around 25% until it declined some what after 1992. this was greater in the South but was common everywhere. |
| stratight ticket | Voting for canadiates who are all of the same party. |
| runoff primary | A second primary election held when no canadiate wins a majority of the votes in the first primary. There is a runoff between the two with teh most votes. Primaries are common in the south. Aspecial kind of primary is used to pick delegates to the presidential nomination canadiates of the majority party. |
| adversarial press | the tendency of the antional media ro be supecious of officials and eager to reveral unflattering stories about them. the senate has used TV much more fully hightenting the already substantial advantage that senators have or representaives in getting the public eye. Although radio and Tv coverage was not allowed until 1978. Senate committte hearnings have been telavised for either news films or live broadcast. |
| Routine Stories | cover major political events tht will be covered by many reporters and that involve relativiely simple matters. For example if the president takes a trip, the congress passes a major bill or the supreme court issues a ruling. |
| Insider stories | Covering things that are often secret. Invetigatives reports are often credited with uncovering these stories, thoughnthere can be cases where government indsider leaks the story to the press, which a reporter picks up on and may be influenced the the reporters view as to what is important to him or her. |
| on background | a public offical statement that is given to a reporter in given under teh condition that the reporters name will not be used, but what the official has said can be used. Reporters normally call these high ranking officaiils or knoweldgeable member of congress. |
| gerry mandering | Draw the boundaries of legislative dostricts in bizzare or usual shapes to favor one party over another. In the states entilted to then represenatives where half of the votes are democrate and the other half republican, can be drawn so that eight districts would have a slight majority of citizens from one party nad 2 districts would have lobbsided majorities from the other. |
| malaapportiment | results from having districts of very unequal sides. If one district is twice as populous as a nother, twice as many voters are needed in a larger district to elect a represenative. Thus a citizen vote in a smaller district is worth twice as much as a vote in a larger district. |
| scorekeeper | These guys and the national media keep track of and help make political repution, note who is being mentiones as a presidential canadiate, and help decide who is winning and losing in Washington politics. |
| watchdog | once the scorekeepers decide that you are the person to watch, they adopt their watchdog role. When Gary Hart was the front runner up for the 1988 democratic presidential nomination the press played its watchdog role right from the start. |
| load language | words that imply a value on judgement used to persuded a reader without having made a serious argument. |
| selective attention | Paying attention only to the news stories with which one already agrees with. |
| featured stories | media stories about events that through public are not regulary covered by reports. |
| trial ballon | information leaked to the media to test the publics reaction to a possible policy. |
| prospective voting | voting for a canadiate because one favors his or her ideas for handling issues |
| retrospective voting | voting for a canadiate because one like his or her past action in office. |
| Telecommunications Act 1966 | allowed one company to won as many as eight stations in large markets, 5 samller ones and as many it wished nationally. this tends to have 2 results, Frist a few large companies now have most of the big markets an example of this is radio staions. Second the looser editorial ristrictions that acomponied deregularticy means that a greater varity of opions and shows can be performed on radio. |
| near V. Minestota 1931 | freedonm of the press appliues to state government so that they canot impose prior restrictions on news papers. |
| New York Times V. Sullivan | public officials may not win a libal suit unless they can prove that a statement was made knowing it to be false or with reckless disregard of its truth. |
| Miami Herold V. Tornillo 1974 | a news paper cannot be required to give someone a right to reply to one of its stories. |
| Position issues | An issue about which the public is diveided and rival canadiates or political parties adopt different policy position. After the civil war the question was whether if African Americans should be slves or free in 1890's, and whether tariffs should be high or low and whether the doller should be made cheaper. |
| valences isseus | An issue about which the public is united and rival canadiates or political parites adopt similer positons inhopes that each will be thought to be represent these widley shared bliefs. Fore example, Everybody wants a strong economy and low crime rates and so no canaduiate favors high unemployment and more crime. |
| closed primary | a primary election in which voting is limited to already registerded party memebers. One must declare in advance sometinmes several weeks, that one is registered to a particular party, who one whishes to vote for. About 40 states have closed primaries. |
| open primary | a primary election in which voter may choose for what party to vote for as they enter the polling place. One can decide when they enter the voting booth, and in which parties primary he or she wishes to particiapate in. One is given every parties ballot, one may vote as one party. Idaho, Michgan, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Untah, Vermont, and Wisconsin have open primaries. |
| Blanket Primaries | A primary election in which each voter may vote for canadiates from both parties. He or she marks the ballot that lists the canadiates of all parties and select one from each party. Alaska and Washington have blanket parties. |
| gatekeeper | Can influence waht subjects become natiional political issues and fro how long. automobile safty, water polution and percrption drugs were not major political issues before the national press began giving substantial attention to these matters. This helped place them on the plitical agenda. |
