| A | B |
|---|
| Accommodation | State of balance between cooperation and conflict. |
| Achieved Status | Status acquired by an individual on the basis of some special skill, knowledge or ability. |
| Aggregate | Group of people gathered in the same place at the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction. |
| Agricultural Society | Type of society characterized by the use of domesticated animals and plows in working the field. |
| Ascribed Status | Status assigned on the basis of characteristics beyond a person's control such as age, sex, ethnicity and race. |
| Barter | Practice of exchanging one good for another. |
| Bureaucracy | Ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedure. |
| Competition | Interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain. |
| Conflict | Deliberate attempt to oppose, harm, control by force or resist the will of another person or persons. |
| Cooperation | Interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people. |
| Division of Labor | Specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities. |
| Dyad | a group with two members. |
| E-Community | a community of people who interact over the internet or other electronic devices. |
| Exchange | individual, group or societal interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward in return for actions. |
| Exchange Theory | Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people. |
| Expressive Leaders | leaders who are emotion oriented. |
| Formal Group | a group in which the structure, goals and activities of the group are clearly defined. |
| Formal Organization | large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals. |
| Gemeinschaft | (guh-myn-shahft) societies in which most members know one another, relationships are close and activities center on the family and community. |
| Gesellschaft | (guh-zel-shahft) societies in which social relationships are based on need rather than emotion, relationships are impersonal and temporary, and individual goals are more important that group goals. |
| Group | set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity. |
| Horticultural Society | type of society characterized by a reliance on vegetables grown in garden plots as the main form of subsistence. |
| Hunting and Gathering Societies | type of society characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence. |
| In-Group | group that an individual belongs to and identifies with. |
| Industrial Society | type of society in which the mechanized production of goods is the main economic activity. |
| Informal Group | a group in which there is no official structure or established rules of conduct. |
| Instrumental Leaders | leaders who are task oriented. |
| Iron Law of Oligarchy | tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people. |
| Leaders | people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others. |
| Master Status | status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity. |
| Mechanical Solidarity | close knit social relationships common in preindustrial societies that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks. |
| Organic Solidarity | impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization. |
| Out-Group | any group that an individual does not belong to or identify with. |
| Pastoral Societies | type of society characterized by a reliance on domesticated heard animals as the main form of subsistence. |
| Postindustrial Society | type of society in which economic activity centers on the production of information and the provision of services. |
| Preindustrial Society | type of society in which food production--carried out through the use of human and animal labor--is the main economic activity. |
| Primary Group | small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct personal basis. |
| Rationality | the process of subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement and control. |
| Reciprocal Roles | corresponding roles that define the pattern of interaction between related statuses. |
| Reciprocity | idea that if you do something for someone, they owe you something in return. |
| Reference Group | any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adopt. |
| Role | behavior--the rights and obligations--expected of someone occupying a particular status. |
| Role Conflict | situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectations of one role makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another role. |
| Role Expectations | socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role. |
| Role Performance | actual behavior of a person performing a role. |
| Role Set | different roles attached to a single status. |
| Role Strain | situation that occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role. |
| Secondary Group | group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature. |
| Small Group | group with few enough numbers that everyone is able to interact face to face |
| Social Category | group of people who share a common trait or status. |
| Social Institution | system of statuses, roles, values and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society. |
| Social Network | web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of an individual's interactions with other people. |
| Social Structure | network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides human interaction. |
| Status | socially defined position in a group or society. |
| Subsistence Strategies | ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members. |
| Triad | three person group. |
| Urbanization | concentration of population in cities. |
| Voluntary Association | nonprofit association formed to pursue some common interest. |
| Birth Rate | Number of live births per 1000 population each year |
| Death Rate | Number of deaths per 1000 population per year |
| Growth Rate (natural rate) | Difference between birth rate and death rate |
| Negative Growth Rate | Greater death rate than birth rate |
| Per Capita GDP (GNP) | GDP (GNP) per person |
| Literacy Rate | Percentage of the population that can read. |
| Life Expectancy | The average number of years a person is expected to live calculated from birth. |
| Infant Mortality Rate | The number of children who die before the age of one year per 1000 population. |
